Hass v. White Haven Borough

Opinion by Head, J., The supplemental briefs filed by counsel on either side are devoted to the discussion of a proposition which does not seem to have been brought to the attention of the court below and which had no place in the original briefs presented to us. It may thus be stated in the language of Mr. Justice Brown in Betham v. Philadelphia, 196 Pa. 302: "If an act of a municipal corporation necessarily lies wholly outside of the general or special powers of the corporation as conferred by its charter or by statute, the corporation can in no event be liable to an action for damages, whether it directly commanded the performance of the act, or whether it be done by its officers without its express command.” The record exhibits no facts which would enable us to declare at this time that the borough may successfully invoke the doctrine stated to relieve it from liability in the present action. The record shows that the bridge which the borough undertook to build was located within the borough limits and carried one of its streets or avenues across Limekiln creek. The borough, incorporated under the act of 1851 and its supplements, had ample statutory authority to erect a bridge for that purpose, although it appears that the old bridge which was to be replaced by the new one was either a county bridge or at least that the county had aided in its construction. We see nothing in that fact which put it beyond the statutory power of the borough to replace it with a new and larger one adequate for the municipal wants. Whilst in various places reference is made in the record to [80] contracts, plans, specifications, etc., none of these are printed and of their contents we have no knowledge. There is nothing before us to show more than that under an arrangement with the county commissioners some contribution was to be made by the county towards the erection of the new bridge by the borough. This would not bring it within the purview of the principle stated in Bethan v. Philadelphia, supra. Judge Dillon in his work on Municipal Corporations, 4th edition, sec. 968, declares that municipal corporations, generally speaking, fall within the ordinary rule that the superior or employer must answer civilly for the negligence or want of skill of his agent or servant in the course of his employment. He says: “To create such a liability it is fundamentally necessary that the act done, which is injurious to others, must be within the scope of the corporate powers as described by charter or positive enactment. In other words, it must not be ultra vires in the sense that it is not within the power or authority of the corporation to act in reference to it under any circumstances.” We are therefore of the opinion that as the record now stands the judgment against the appellant borough could not be reversed on this ground. Concerning the remaining questions raised by the appeal but little need be added to the opinion filed by the learned judge below refusing to enter judgment for the defendant non obstante veredicto. The able counsel for appellant strenuously urges us to hold that the present case is on all fours with Mansfield Coal & Coke Co. v. McEnery, 91 Pa. 185, and McGuire v. Lehigh Valley Coal Co., 215 Pa. 618, and that its determination is to be controlled by the application of the legal principle enunciated in those cases. We cannot so hold under the facts before us. The plaintiff’s husband was employed as a laborer by the borough. It was the duty of the latter to provide him with a safe place to work. This duty was a primary one and therefore, if turned over by the borough to another, that person became a vice principal, for whose act or [81] neglect the borough was responsible. The deceased lost his life, not because of any fault in the design or construction of a new bridge planned by a competent expert. He was injured, as the jury has found, because the defendant borough and its agents proceeded in a negligent and unskillful manner to remove the old bridge to make way for the new. The evidence would warrant a finding that it was because the old arch was left standing, after the supporting earth, side walls, parapets, etc., had been removed, that the arch collapsed and the decedent’s life was lost. John Donnelly, the man employed by the borough to have charge of the erection of the new bridge, was, as the evidence shows, a stone mason of capacity and experience. Whilst he had assisted in the building of many bridges for the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, it does not appear that he ever designed one or did more than do a stone mason’s work according to plans and specifiéations prepared' for him by others. It does not appear here that he planned the way in which the work of removing the old bridge was to be done. That had been begun before his employment. It was carried on first under the direction of a member of council, Wallen, and, when he was called away, of another councilman named Albreechy. This work consisted in uncovering the top of the arch and tearing down the parapet walls. There is nothing to show that Donnelly, after his employment, did anything more than continue the plan of destruction that had been begun under the immediate supervision of members of the defendant council. These facts, as we view them, clearly differentiate the case at bar from those cited and relied on in the briefs for the appellant. The learned trial judge could not therefore have properly given a binding direction to the jury in favor of the defendant nor entered judgment for it non obstante veredicto. The first and second assignments are dismissed. We discover no reversible error in the admission of the expert testimony elicited from the witness Clark. He was subjected to a careful and thorough examination as to [82] the extent of his knowledge and experience before he was permitted to testify. He had built railroads and bridges, stone bridges and arch bridges, and this had been his avocation for many years. We can see no reason why it was not competent for him to give to the jury his opinion, based on that knowledge and experience, as to what was the cause of the fall of the arch in the present case, and what was the ordinary method adopted by bridge builders in taking down and removing such arch before proceeding with the work of new construction. The defendant had the benefit of much like testimony, and the whole resultant question of fact was fairly and clearly submitted to the jury The remaining assignment complains of the action of the trial court in discharging the defendant’s rule for a non pros, owing to the alleged laches of the plaintiff in filing her statement of claim. Under the very peculiar circumstances of this case, the determination of that question involved the exercise of a sound discretion by the learned trial judge, and we see no reason to believe that discretion was abused. For these reasons and those more fully set forth in the opinion of the trial judge refusing judgment non obstante veredicto the assignments of error are dismissed. Judgment affirmed.