Crider v. Pittsburg, Harmony, Butler & New Castle Railway Co.

Opinion by Head, J., It is conceded that at the time of his death, October 30, 1908, Joseph Crider was the owner in fee of a tract of land across which the defendant company had just constructed its line of railway. He did not reside on the land. Upon his death the title to the land vested in the two plaintiffs, his children and heirs at law. On or about December 31,' 1908, the defendant executed and tendered to the plaintiffs a bond which was accepted by the latter. It recited that defendant had "located its tracks and line of railway over and through that piece of land owned or claimed and now in possession of ” the plaintiffs. It secured to them the payment of "such amount of damages as they shall be entitled to receive after the same shall have been agreed — 591 — on by the parties or assessed in the manner provided by law.” On November 22, 1909, the defendant company filed in the proper court its petition alleging that it was a corporation invested with the right of eminent domain: “that your petitioner, exercising the said power of eminent domain, has entered upon and located its tracks and lines of railway through” the tract of land, the title to which was then in the plaintiffs. After describing by courses and distances the location of the line, the petition further declared “that said property so taken is the property of J. L. Crider and Clara B. Crider, heirs at law of Joseph Crider, deceased.” It prayed for the appointment of viewers and they were in- due course appointed. Later on, by virtue of a stipulation of the parties, a view was dispensed with and the cause put down for trial as if on an appeal from their award under the provisions of the act of 1895. At the trial the defense rested chiefly on two legal propositions, to wit: First: That the present plaintiffs could not recover anything for the reason that the entry of the company had been made in the lifetime of their predecessor in title, and that the right to recover the compensation for the entry and appropriation of the land vested in the then owner and did not pass to his heirs at law as an incident to the title to the real estate. Second: That the evidence tending to establish the amount of the damages should relate not to the date of the giving of the bond but to the time of the actual entry upon the land. 1. It appears to be conceded in the briefs of counsel that in 1905 the father of the plaintiffs made a grant to a railway company of a' right of way through his property, the exact location and width of which were described in the grant. At that time such companies were not invested with the right of eminent domain. The rights acquired by that company under its grant afterwards became legally vested in the present defendant company and the right to .take private property for public use was conferred on such — 592 — companies by the Act of June 1, 1907, P. L. 368. When the present company, during the year 1907, began the construction of its line through the Crider property, it made a new location. The line as constructed was in part on the line embraced in the grant, but to a substantial extent, not precisely shown by the record before us, was on an entirely new location. As already stated, the owner of the land did not reside on it. The evidence does not disclose that it was occupied by any person as a tenant or otherwise. The record is silent as to any notice of any kind having been given to him of the new location or of any corporate action by the defendant preceding the work of construction. The death of the former owner occurred about the time the line was completed and opened for travel. The execution and delivery of the bond already referred to appear to have followed a claim for compensation advanced by the present plaintiffs upon their accession to the title. Under these facts when was the land, occupied by the line as constructed, subjected to the permanent easement that results from the exercise of the right of eminent 'domain? Section 8 of article XYI of the constitution not only declares that just compensation must be made to the owner of private property taken for public use, but also that such “compensation shall be paid or secured before such taking, injury or destruction.” Even if we were without the benefit of any authoritative construction of this section, the language quoted plainly declares that private property is not taken under the constitutional right until just compensation has either been paid or secured. So it was said in Fries v. Railroad Co., 85 Pa. 73: “This case differs from that of the Western Pennsylvania Railroad Co. v. Johnston, 59 Pa. 290. There the railroad company had neither paid the money nor given the bond required by the law as security, before entering on the land. The entry was therefore unlawful and the land remained liable to the re-entry of the owner. . . . It is argued that the principles of ownership — 593 — stated in Railroad Company v. Johnston ought to govern; because the owner’s right is protected by the constitution and the law. True, his right is thus protected, but not from a taking with payment, in the exercise of the right of eminent domain, even under the old constitution of 1790; while the more recent constitutions have placed the power to exercise the right of eminent domain upon the alternative also of security. The security being given in due course of law the grasp of the owner upon his property is loosened by the constitution itself.” Had the owner of the land, upon being apprised of the fact that the present company, without a grant, without the payment or tender of any security, without any notice to him, had seized and occupied a strip of his property, brought an action of ejectment to recover possession thereof, what legal defense to such action could the defendant have offered? We can see none. It may be true that if such action had been brought and resulted in a judgment for the plaintiff, the hands of the latter might have been stayed to permit the corporation to do what it should have done before its entry, to wit, to either pay or secure the just compensation to the owner for his property taken or injured. This, however, would be rather out of regard for the public right and convenience than because of any legal right possessed by the corporation. When the former owner died without having enforced his legal right to recover the possession of his property that had been occupied by the defendant, the right, inhering in the title to the land, passed with the title to the present plaintiffs. The state of facts here presented differs in no essential particular from that before the court in Graham v. Railroad Company, 145 Pa. 504. It was there said: "For redress of the injuries resulting from this invasion of the plaintiff’s rights, he had, of course, his remedy by an action of trespass: Harrisburg Boro. v. Crangle, 3 W. & S. 460; McClinton v. Railway Co., 66 Pa. 404; Dimmick v. Brodhead, 75 Pa. 464. The effect of the subsequent statutory proceeding to assess damages was to divest — 594 — the title as of the date of filing the bond. In the action of trespass, if one had been brought, the plaintiff would have been entitled to recover damages for the tortious entry, and for any injuries he suffered from that date until the title of the right of way was vested in the company, not as these injuries affected the value of the land, but the enjoyment of it; whereas, in the proceeding to assess damages under the statute, the measure of damages would be computed upon the value of the land, unaffected by the obstruction of the plaintiff’s road, and its value as affected by it. . . . The assessment under the statute is for the price of a permanent right or privilege to be enjoyed in the future; but that price must be settled upon a consideration of the value of the land at the time of its lawful appropriation.” This is the doctrine also of Shevalier v. Postal Telegraph Co., 22 Pa. Superior Ct. 506, wherein this court held, in an opinion delivered by our Brother' Morrison, reviewing many cases, that it was the filing of the bond by the corporation that deprived the owner of his land and took it for public use, and that as a consequence the resulting damages would accrue to the person who owned the land at the time the bond was filed. So in Fischer v. Railroad Co., 175 Pa. 554, it was declared that it was the bond filed by the corporation along with the statutory provisions for the assessment and collection of damages that were substituted in lieu of the land, and as a consequence that the remedy of the owner was confined to such proceedings: Hoffman’s Appeal, 118 Pa. 512; Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 32 Pa. Superior Ct. 375. Finally we have this proceeding begun by the petition of defendant praying for the appointment of viewers, in which are contained the averments already quoted. In Fischer v. Railroad, supra, the trial court held that the company was concluded by such averments, but it was permitted to withdraw its petition and bond after making affidavit they had been filed under a misapprehension of the facts, etc. This action was held to be — 595 — erroneous because “after the approval and filing of the bond defendants were in the actual and rightful possession of the land in question.” Under the facts before us then we are constrained to hold that the defendant company acquired no lawful right to that portion of the plaintiff’s property occupied by its line and not within the limits of the earlier grant until its bond was tendered to and accepted by the plaintiffs. As a consequence they are the parties lawfully entitled to the compensation that represents the value of what was then taken from them. If this be true, it must further follow as a corollary that the damages should be assessed as of the date of the appropriation. This is the general rule, and we can discover nothing in the facts of this case that would bring it within the recognized exceptions to that rule. No evidence of any kind was offered, the legal effect of which would be to estop the landowner from the exercise of his ordinary rights. It is not shown that the seizure of his land outside the limits of the grant he had made was either with his knowledge or by his consent. Under existing circumstances he may have assumed that the company was confining its operations within the lines of the grant he had made. After a careful review of the entire record we are of the opinion that the case was well tried and the judgment entered in the court below should not be disturbed. Judgment affirmed.