Geiger v. Madden

Opinion by Rice, P. J., In the statement of claim it was alleged that, while John Geiger was lawfully upon a public street and in the peace of the commonwealth,, the defendant discharged a number of shots from a revolver “willfully and maliciously into the body of the said John Geiger,” causing the injuries which were described, and that he died as the result of said injuries. At the outset of the trial the plaintiff was permitted, under objection and exception, to amend his statement by substituting “negligently” for “wilfully and maliciously.” We cannot agree with counsel that by the allowance of this amendment a new and different cause of action was introduced. And, according to numerous authorities, [620] that is the test. The gist of the action, under the •original statement, was the discharge of the shots into the body of Geiger.. Giving to the words of the statement a reasonable intendment, a tortious act was sufficiently alleged without the use of the words “wilfully and maliciously.” By the amendment no change was made in the allegation of the time, place, physical nature, circumstances, or results of this tortious act. As already indicated, nothing was brought into the case that was not comprehended in the original statement, giving the words a reasonable intendment. There was, it is true, the withdrawal of matters of' aggravation, but, 'as these were not essential to recovery under the statement, no substantial change in the cause of action was made. Moreover, the amendment operated to the benefit, rather than the prejudice, of the defendant, by limiting the recovery in the plaintiff's favor to compensatory damages only. While it has been held that the courts should never permit a party to shift his ground or enlarge its surface, by introducing an entirely new and different cause of action, when by reason of the statute of limitations or some other good reason it would work an injury to the opposite party (Trego v. Lewis, 58 Pa. 463), yet great liberality in the allowance of amendments which do not shift the ground of complaint, as, for example, from one contract or from one tort to another and different one, and do not enlarge the complaint beyond what was practically comprehended in the original pleading, has the just sanction of our statutes of amendment and a multitude of authoritative decisions. See Knapp v. Hartung, 73 Pa. 290; Joynes v. Penna. R. R. Co., 234 Pa. 321; Jackson v. Gunton, 26 Pa. Superior Ct. 203; and, particularly, Pitts. Junc. R. R. Co. v. McCutcheon, 18 W. N. C. 527, 4 Sadl. 245. Our conclusion is that the defendant has no reason to complain of the amendment allowed in the present case. The remaining assignments of error relate to the [621] charge of the court and the negativing' of the defendant’s point for binding direction. The plaintiff’s counsel contends that the charge of the court is not properly before us for review because the only exception taken to it is that which is noted immediately after the stenographer’s transcript of it, in these words: “Counsel for defendant excepts to the charge of- the court and the answer to point.” But as the formal bill of exceptions afterwards sealed by the trial judge and approved in writing by counsel of both parties, recites (after setting forth the charge and the foregoing notation by the stenographer at the end) that “the counsel for the defendant did then and there except to the aforesaid charge,” etc., it is to be presumed that this general exception was taken immediately after the charge was delivered and “by leave of the court.” Under such an exception the defendant had a right to assign all actual errors of law contained in the charge: Mastel v. Walker, 246 Pa. 65. But we are of opinion that the court committed no error in the charge of which the defendant can justly complain. There was no material conflict of testimony, and, as the defendant did not see fit to-testify, it is to be presumed for present purposes that he is willing to rest his case on the facts testified to by the witnesses, which substantially are as follows: Between. 4 and 5 o’clock on the afternoon of July 6, John Geiger, aged about eighteen years, was seen “working” at a lower cellar window of a private dwelling house in the middle of a block on North Franklin street in the city of Philadelphia. The witness who testified to this fact said he was “working at the lock,” but when interrogated by the court he admitted that, as far as he knew, Geiger “was a carpenter repairing damages to the window-frame there.” No other testimony upon that subject was introduced by either party. The importance of this indefiniteness of proof as to what Geiger was doing will appear later when we come to discussion of the lawfulness of the defendant’s acts. A [622] companion of Geiger, named Lee, was standing near. The house apparently was occupied, and the place where Geiger was seen at work was on the street, and therefore he was in plain view of persons passing and repassing along the street. The defendant, who was a policeman in citizen’s clothes, came to the corner of Franklin and Montgomery avenue, and, about ten minutes later, Geiger and Lee, whistling as they went, walked down the street to where Madden was standing. Madden seized both of them, but whether he told them that they were under arrest or that he was a policeman, and whether they knew he was a policeman, are facts upon which the testimony is silent. They broke away and Geiger ran down Montgomery avenue. Madden chased him, calling upon him to halt, but he ran on. Then Madden, while still pursuing him, drew a revolver and fired three shots. The plaintiff’s witness testified that, in firing the first two shots, Madden pointed the weapon “down to the pavement,” but the witness was unable to say how he pointed it when he fired the third shot. But a witness for the defendant testified that, in firing that shot, he “held the pistol in a downward position,” but at what angle the witness did not undertake to state. The defendant could have thrown light on that question of fact, but he saw fit not to testify. At any rate, the uncontradicted testimony is that the third shot took effect, the bullet penetrating Geiger’s spine below the shoulder, bringing him to the ground, and subsequently causing his death. The law applicable to such a state of facts is not in doubt. One who flees from an attempted arrest does not, under all circumstances, forfeit his right to five. Taking human life in the name of the law is the punishment inflicted after conviction of our highest grade felony, and it would ill become the majesty of the law to justify such a sacrifice in order to prevent one charged with a mere misdemeanor from escaping: Com. v. Rhoads, 23 Pa. Superior Ct. 512; Wharton on Homi [623] cide, 738. A fortiori it is not justified upon mere suspicion not based on reasonable and probable grounds. When the time, place, and circumstances are considered, there is no warrant in the testimony for a finding that Geiger had committed, or attempted to commit, a felony, or that defendant had such reasonable and probable cause for believing that he had as justified him in taking the life of Geiger in order to prevent his escape. The distinction between such a case and Zimmerman v. Adams Express Co., 240 Pa. 316, is manifest. In that case the arrest was made while the deceased was in the act of committing a felony, while in this case, as we have already pointed out, there is no warrant for a finding that the deceased had committed, or had attempted to commit, any' criminal act. It follows that the affirmation of the defendant’s point for binding direction would have been gross error. It is argued that the court erred in charging the jury that the defendant was guilty of having negligently shot Geigér. This argument is based on the testimony of the defendant’s witness to which we have already referred, that when Madden fired the third shot he "held the pistol in a downward position.” This testimony, when considered in connection with the testimony as to the place where the bullet entered Geiger’s body, scarcely warrants the inference that he pointed the pistol at the pavement instead of at Geiger. But granting that he pointed the pistol at the pavement, he must be deemed to have taken the chance of the bullet glancing and striking Geiger, and, as he had no lawful right to fire in his direction, with the probability of such consequences in view, the court committed no error of which he can complain, in saying that this was a negligent act. Characterizing it as a negligent act did the defendant no harm, for it might well have been characterized as a reckless act. The assignments of error are overruled and the judgment is affirmed.