Truschine v. Fayette Mfg. Co.

Opinion by Kepi-iart, J., It was most essential for the plaintiff’s case that some negligent act of the defendant, which caused his injury, be established. He cannot recover for the mere happening of an accident and whatever rules of law may be invoked governing the conduct or duty of persons under given conditions of'fact the person wishing to be benefited by the enforcement of such rules must bring himself within the conditions to which the rules apply: Huey v. Gahlenbeck, 121 Pa. 238, and Stearns v. Ontario Spinning Co., 184 Pa. 519. The plaintiff was using a permissive pathway which ran along the tracks of the Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company. Under these tracks, at a depth of four feet, and running through the permissive pathway at right angles, were two lines of pipe used by defendants as discharge pipes for exhaust steam and water condensed from steam. They emptied into a marsh a short distance from the pathway. The plaintiff passed over this way at 4 o’clock going to his work and found no signs of any break or other defect in it. He returned at 11 o’clock when, as he states, he fell into a hole, sprained his ankle and scalded his leg. Nowhere in his testimony does he fix with any [129] degree of accuracy the-place at which he was injured as being near the pipe line. His testimony and any inference from it would not warrant the jury in saying that he was injured at some point in this pathway over which this defendant exercised some dominion and at which it owed the plaintiff a duty of reasonable care. The defendant’s control was not over the entire length and breadth of this permissive way as it extended longitudinally along the tracks but to a very small part of it. Its control was limited to that part covering these pipes, they being of a diameter of four and six inches and located some distance apart. To affect this defendant the testimony fixing the location should be such that from it some reasonable inference might be drawn that the accident occurred on the highway at a place within the path under which the pipes ran or that might be affected by their defective condition. The plaintiff testified that he had not seen the place where he fell until six weeks after the accident and then locates it two feet from the tracks and at a point about forty feet away from the pipes. His witnesses speak of a hole that was seen after the accident in the earth covering the pipes; it was not within the lines of the permissive pathway but under the railroad tracks. It was made in the earth two or three days after the accident occurred and when the defendant made the hole the plaintiff’s testimony' shows that the ground around the pipes was firm. It is clear that the accident could not have resulted from this hole: There was no accumulation of water in it nor was the earth flushed away by the action of the steam nor any condition such as the plaintiff describes. In discussing this question we have eliminated from our consideration the proposition submitted by the appellee that the plaintiff was a trespasser and therefore could not recover.- But . appellant urges with much stress that the question as to the location of the accident was for the jury; but even if this were correct we are of the opinion that this action cannot be sustained. This accident occurred' [130] at 11 o’clock; at 4 o’clock the passageway was in good condition. Assuming that he fell into a hole in the pathway or that the earth broke precipitating him into a hole, he does not bring his case within the rules of law governing the liabilities of the occupier of premises for the defective condition of a highway or passageway. We see no reason why under the circumstances those occupying property used as a permissive pathway should be held to a higher duty than the owners and occupiers of property abutting on public highways. Owners and occupiers of property abutting on highways, as well as a city where it is charged with the absolute duty to repair, are not insurers of every person who passes over the highway. A municipality charged with the absolute duty to repair must exercise a reasonable degree of care and prudence for the safety of pedestrians: Vanderslice v. City of Philadelphia, 103 Pa. 102; Kibele v. City of Philadelphia, 105 Pa. 41; Otto Township v. Wolf, 106 Pa. 608, and the mere absence of notice of a defect will not relieve the city from liability if by a reasonable inspection the condition could be ascertained; or if from the character of the defect it should have been known that deterioration, dilapidation, and decay causing the defect were the natural and ordinary consequences of the construction employed. This knowledge would charge the municipality with notice: Vanderslice v. City of Philadelphia; Kibele v. City of Philadelphia; Otto Township v. Wolf, supra. “Where there is a latent defect which causes an injury the city is not liable for damages unless it had notice; but a defect is not latent which can be seen by the exercise of reasonable care and examination,” Vanderslice v. City of Philadelphia, supra, the neglect to repair after such implied nptice being the neglect for which the municipality would be liable. “Negligence is the absence of proper care, caution and diligence. Of such care, caution and diligence as, under the circumstances, reasonable and ordinary prudence would require to be exercised. It may consist as well in not doing the [131] thing which ought to be done as in doing that which-ought not to be done when in either case it has caused the loss and damage to another”: Kibele v. City of Philadelphia, supra. Such is the law with respect to a munici-. pality charged with the absolute duty to repair. Owners of sidewalks: McLaughlin v. Kelly, 230 Pa. 251; Lindstrom v. Pennsylvania Company, Etc., 212 Pa. 391, are bound to exercise the same degree of care and diligence in keeping the highway safe and secure: Dickson, et al., v. Hollister, 123 Pa. 421; McLaughlin v. Kelly, supra. As a general rule either express or constructive notice of the defect should be brought home to the owner or occupier but a shorter period of time implies notice to such occupier or owner than to a municipality: McLaughlin v. Kelly, supra. We can conceive of such a state of facts where notice may be implied the moment the defect.is created and further the defect need not be so notorious as to be evident to all passers to charge an owner with notice. But generally an- owner is not bound to know of a defect the moment it occurs: Harrison, et al., v. Collins, 86 Pa. 153. “While it is true, as the learned judge said, ‘the instant that he ceased to use it (the coal hole), its control reverted to the’ plaintiffs in error; yet it does not follow ‘from that instant they were bound to protect it.’ This is imposing too harsh terms on them. If they had no expectation that the hole would be uncovered or thus used, and no knowledge that it was, they should not be held liable until such reasonable time had elapsed, under all the circumstances, that a careful and prudent man ought to have discovered its dangerous condition. If, after such reasonable time had elapsed, and they failed to. make the hole secure, they cannot be relieved from the consequences of their own negligence”: Bennett v. Louisville & N. R. R. Co., 102 U. S. 577. There may be conditions where the owner or occupier assumes a control of acts done and where notice is implied by reason of such control: Spratt v. Reymer & Brothers, Incorporated, 57 Pa. Superior Ct. 566. If by a reasonable inspection [132] the defect could have been ascertained or if from the kind of materials used and the place where they are used the defect is one that a prudent person should, have known was likely to result, these circumstances are such as may cause the question of notice to be one for the jury. We have no evidence in this case that would sustain such finding on either ground. The place where the alleged defect is supposed to have existed and its character are not such as would imply notice the moment the defect occurred. In the cases cited by the appellant to sustain his contention, wherein a municipality has been charged with the absolute duty to repair, there was in evidence a previous condition which affected the city with notice of the defective highway. We do not agree that the use made of the pipes was inherently dangerous. It was a lawful construction in a lawful place. In our cities we have miles of steam pipes under the ground conveying steam to heat public and private dwellings. Such use and the construction employed are not of themselves inherently dangerous. They only become dangerous through improper construction or when a pipe springs a leak and is not repaired in due time. In this respect they are like gas, ■water and sewer pipes, telegraph and electric conduits out of repair. They become dangerous agencies by reason of neglect after proper notice to those whose duty it is to keep them in repair. There is no evidence of improper construction in this case. The defendant, as the occupier of premises subjected to a permissive pathway, if liable at all, would not be liable under the facts as. here presented from any viewpoint. The assignments of error are overruled and the judgment is affirmed.