Judge v. West Philadelphia Title & Trust Co.

Opinion by Portee, J., John P. Judge, the plaintiff, was a depositor in the defendant’s bank. Upon September 21, 1912, Zelley, who was not known to the defendant’s teller, presented for payment two checks, purporting to have been drawn by Hays, Secretary, one for $300, to the order of Biesantz, and the other for $150, to the order of Sullivan, both endorsed by the payees and Zelley. The teller refused to cash the checks unless they were endorsed by a depositor of the bank and at Zelley’s request, Judge endorsed both checks. The endorsements were unrestricted. The bank discovered that -the checks had been forged, and promptly notified the plaintiff, Judge, and charged the amount of the checks against his account. The present suit is brought by Judge to recover from the bank the amount so charged to his account. The court below gave binding instructions for the plaintiff. In the opinion filed, it rested its conclusion upon the [314] interpretation of the tenth section of the Act of April 5, 1849, P. L. 426. That section reads as follows: “That whenever any value or amount shall be received as a consideration in the sale, assignment, transfer or negotiation, or in payment of any bill of exchange, draft, check, order, promissory note or other instrument, negotiable within this Commonwealth by the .holder thereof, from the endorsee or endorsees, or payer or payers of the same, and the signature or signatures of any person or persons, represented to be parties thereto', whether as drawer, acceptor or endorser, shall have been forged thereon, and such value or amount by reason thereof erroneously given or paid such endorsee or endorsees, as well as such payer or payers respectively,— shall be legally entitled to recover back from the person or persons previously holding or negotiating the same, the value or amount so as aforesaid given or paid by such, endorsee or endorsees or payer or payers respectively,— to such person or persons, together with lawful interest thereon from the time that demand shall have been made for repayment of the same.” Inasmuch as the money was paid to Zelley and not to Judge, the last endorser, the court held that no recovery could be had under the section above quoted; that in order to recover the party from whom the money is sought must have been the actual recipient of it; that the physical act involved in the paying of the money determined the application of the section. We think this is too narrow a construction of this act. The act declares that anyone paying money on a forged instrument may recover it back from the person or persons previously holding or negotiating the same. Any person holding or negotiating the paper is liable. The thing recoverable is the amount paid to such person or persons. The last part of the section has reference to the money paid, but it .does not, we think, limit the liability of the persons previously holding or negotiating this paper. Aside from this, Judge, the last endorser, may truly be said to [315] have negotiated the note, as his endorsement was first required before payment could be obtained. When Judge handed the endorsed checks to Zelley, Zelley was in effect his agent to receive the money. The situation is analagous to that when an accommodation note is negotiated. It was said in Philler v. Patterson, 168 Pa. 468: “The very object of making an accommodation note is that the person for whose accommodation it was made may use it in the way that will best accommodate him. When it has been so used by the holder the accommodation maker or endorser is bound by the action of his friend and becomes liable to pay the amount of the note according to its terms.” If we turn to the Negotiable Instruments Act of May 16,1901, P. L. 194, we are brought to the same conclusion as to defendant’s liability. The 66th section of said act provides: “Every endorser who endorses without qualification warrants to all subsequent holders in due course: “(1) The matters and things mentioned in subdivi-' sions 1, 2 and 3 of the nest preceding section; and • “(2) That the instrument is, at.the time of his endorsement, valid and subsisting.” Subdivisions 1, 2 and 3 of the preceding section provide that the endorser warrants: “(1) That the instrument is genuine and in all respects what it purports to be; “(2) That he has a good title to it; “(3) That all prior parties had capacity to contract.” In Young’s Est., 234 Pa. 287 (1912), the third sylla bus, which accurately states the decision, is as follows: “The endorsement of a promissory note implies a guaranty by the endorser that the,maker was competent to contract in the character in which by the terms of the note he purported to contract. The endorser cannot set up the incapacity of the maker for the purpose of defeating his own liability.” The bank was a holder in due course. The instrument [316] was complete and. regular on its face, it was not overdue, the bank took it in good faith and for value and. it had no notice of any infirmity in the instrument, or defect of title of the person negotiating it. Section 52, Act of 1901, supra. Protest was not required for the check was paid, and in any event, the check not appearing “on its face to be a foreign bill protest thereof in case of dishonor is unnecessary”: Sec. 152, Act of May 16, 1901, supra; Wisner v. First National Bank of Gallitzin, 220 Pa. 21. The payment of the checks did not constitute an acceptance of them: Union National Bank v. Franklin National Bank, 249 Pa. 375; Clark & Co. v. Warren Savings Bank, 31 Pa. Superior Ct. 647; Colonial Trust Co. v. National Bank, 50 Pa. Superior Ct. 510. The bank promptly notified the plaintiff of the discovery of the forgery. There being no dispute as to the facts, the question of due diligence was properly a matter for the court: Marks v. Anchor Savings Bank, 252 Pa. 304; Mutual L. & S. Assn. v. National Surety Co., 257 Pa. 495. It is contended that when Judge endorsed the check he did it merely for the purpose of identifying Zelley, and that therefore to proceed against him upon that endorsement as being an assumption of the obligation to pay the check is in the nature of a fraud against him. When we come to the examination of the testimony in this we find that Hoot, the paying teller, testified that Judge’s endorsement was required because he was to assume the responsibility for the payment of the check and that this was definitely understood by him. The witness for the plaintiff testified that Judge signed for the purpose of identifying Zelley, that the paying teller stated that the account of Hays was good for the checks. Zelley states that Hoot asked Judge if he would “identify me by putting his name on the check” but when pressed said, “I don’t know how, I cannot swear to that.” His testimony seems to be the statement of a conclusion, not a narration of what actually transpired. The evidence of the [317] plaintiff is to the effect that Hoot told him he should put his name on the checks and identify Zelley, and the teller would give him the money. Nowhere in the evidence is there any definite agreement that plaintiff’s endorsement’ should not have its full legal effect. We think the evidence lacks that certainty which is required under our decisions. The proof of the agreement must be clear, precise and indubitable. As Avas stated in Thompson v. Schoch, 254 Pa. 585: “In order to sustain such defense, the evidence relied upon, taken as a whole, must be so persuasive in character, so free from self-contradiction or material internal variances, and so intrinsically probable, that the judicial mind can rest thereon with a conviction that the ends of justice would be served by giving it effect as the basis of a decree reforming the writing in suit. That is to say, the witnesses in support of the alleged contemporaneous parol contract must be credible and their examination must shoAv them to have a distinct recollection of the relevant material facts; and, in so far as their evidence must be mutually corroborative, they should, to a reasonable degree, shoAv a common understanding of the particular matter in question. In brief, their testimony must be clear, precise and indubitable before it can be permitted to overcome the documentary proof to which it is opposed; and, in cases of this kind, after measuring the evidence relied upon according to proper legal standards, a court should never permit a jury to do what it would not sanction if sitting as a chancellor.” The judgment is reversed and the record remitted that judgment be entered in favor of the defendant