Burkett v. Pittsburgh & Shawmut R. R.

Opinion by Henderson, J., The plaintiff’s action arose out of a collision of a train of the defendant company with the plaintiff’s automobile at a grade crossing on the public highway leading from Brookville to Ramsaytown near which latter place the plaintiff lived. He was returning home accompanied by his son, then about five years old, and was driving his car. Both of the occupants of the car were injured and the automobile was badly damaged. After a verdict in favor of the plaintiff, a rule was entered for judgment in favor of the defendant non obstante veredicto which rule was subsequently made absolute. The action of the court was based on the conclusion that the plaintiff was guilty [406] of contributory negligence. The question presented for our consideration is therefore whether the case was one for the jury. A verdict having been rendered in favor of the plaintiff, the evidence must be regarded in the light most favorable to him not only with respect to the direct testimony, but to the inferences which may fairly be drawn from the facts as disclosed. When so regarded, there was evidence which would support the following findings of fact: The plaintiff was driving southwardly over the road which crossed the railroad tracks diagonally; there was a main track and a siding at the crossing; the tracks were straight for two or three hundred feet south of the crossing beyond which there was a curve around the hill; the train came around this curve on a down grade to the crossing. The length of the view from the crossing in the direction in which the train came was about 650 or 700 feet — beyond that the view was shut out. The convex line of the curve was on the side at which the plaintiff approached the tracks. On the side track, at the right of the crossing as the plaintiff traveled two coal cars were standing; the nearest within about thirty-seven feet of the highway. The plaintiff stopped when about twelve feet from the siding and looked and listened. This was the usual place at which persons approaching the crossing from that side stopped to look for trains. The cars on the siding shut out his view of the track for a space of about 240 feet, but above that distance he could see up the track as far as it was visible from the crossing. He waited to observe that there was no train on the track beyond the cars on the siding and then started to cross. It was shown by the plaintiff’s evidence that there was no better place to safely stop for further observation after he started. The tracks were about eight and one-half feet apart — his car was about eleven feet long. When starting to cross he threw his car “in low” and afterward “got the car in second” and was just at the edge of the main track when he observed the train coming about seventy [407] or seventy-five yards from him. His car was moving and deeming it impossible to reverse and get it off tbe track, be tried to make tbe crossing as tbe safest plan for avoiding danger. His car was struck on tbe extreme rear end after be bad crossed tbe rails. Tbe learned trial judge disposed of tbe case on tbe assumption that tbe plaintiff bad not performed bis full duty in looking for a train, but this conclusion we think from a careful examination is not warranted by tbe evidence. It is tbe rule that when a driver stops at a place where be cannot get a view of tbe railroad be is about to cross from tbe vehicle in which be is riding, it' is bis duty to make further observation and in some cases to alight and walk to a spot where be can secure such view. But when a driver has stopped at tbe usual place for stopping from which be has a view of tbe tracks whether be should go forward for a better place to look is a question to be determined by tbe circumstances of tbe particular case: Calhoun v. P. R. R. Co., 223 Pa. 298. And in Siever v. R. R. Co., 252 Pa. 1, tbe rule was said to be when tbe driver comes to a standstill at a usual stopping place where be can get some view of tbe tracks whether be should go forward to a better place to look is a question for tbe jury to determine. To tbe same effect is Messinger v. R. R. Co., 215 Pa. 497. Stopping is opposed to tbe idea of negligence as was said in Ely v. R. R. Co., 158 Pa. 233, and unless, notwithstanding tbe stop, tbe whole evidence shows negligence so clearly that no other inference can properly be drawn from it, tbe court cannot draw that inference as a conclusion of law, but must send tbe case to tbe jury. This ruling is in line with Muckinhaupt v. Erie R. R., 196 Pa. 213, and is reaffirmed in Jester v. Phila., Baltimore & Washington R. R. Co., in which an opinion was filed in tbe Supreme Court on March 22, 1920, and not yet reported. Tbe facts in tbe latter case were less favorable to the plaintiff than those affecting tbe appellant, but Justice Kephart shows that tbe court below erred in granting a compulsory nonsuit. [408] The evidence of the appellant is clearly to the effect that from the place where he stopped he had a view of the track over which the train would come which might imperil his safety at the crossing, and there is not substantial ground for the conclusion that at the time he made his observation there was a train obscured by the cars standing on the siding. If the train moving at the rate shown by the evidence, twenty-five or thirty miles an hour, had been shut out from the plaintiff’s view by the freight cars when he stopped, it would probably have been on the crossing before he started his car and a jury might fairly have concluded that the freight cars were not an obstruction to his view of that part of the track on which the train must be which would interfere with his crossing. There is sufficient evidence of the failure of the defendant to give warning by bell or whistle of the approach of the train, and the testimony introduced for the plaintiff shows it was running on a down grade as if “coasting” thus making less noise than is usually the case with a moving train. The evidence was contradictory and varying inferences might be drawn therefrom. The jury resolved the contradictions and drew the inferences favorably to the plaintiff. Whether there was a better place from which the plaintiff could have observed the train without peril to himself was not a question of law, under the evidence, to be disposed of by the court, but a question of fact depending on the credibility of witnesses, their opportunity to observe, and the impressions given by photographs and maps introduced as evidence during the trial of the case. When the actions involved in an accident are timed by seconds and the zone of safety is in immediate proximity to that of danger, when the control of a team or the management of an automobile is associated with peril of an on-coming train, the driver required to exercise due care cannot be charged as a matter of law with too nice a calculation of time and space. At the most a very few seconds intervened between the appearance of the train [409] around the curve and the collision at the crossing, and in this time it was necessary for the plaintiff to start his car, advance to the track on which the train was approaching, and cross before its arrival, if possible. Whether he exercised the care and caution which a man of ordinary prudence is expected to do under the stress of the situation, the plaintiff was entitled to have determined by the jury. It was said in Philpott v. R. R. Co., 175 Pa. 570: “When the material facts are disputed or inferences of fact are to be drawn from the testimony, it is the exclusive province of the jury to determine. When they are, the line of demarkation in that respect between the duty of the court and that of the jury should be carefully guarded.” Under the evidence we are all of the opinion that the question of contributory negligence was a question for the jury and that the court was in error in entering judgment for the defendant non ob-, stante veredicto. The judgment is reversed and the record remitted to the court below with direction to enter judgment on the verdict.