Nutz v. Reutter

The opinion of the Court was delivered by Kennedy, J. In regard to the first question, I consider it a well settled principle, that a wife can not be joined with her husband as a defendant in an action founded upon a contract or promise either express or implied, except where she has made the contract or promise, or done the act from which it is to be implied, before coverture; and that in every such case the wife must be joined in the suit with the husband. Robinson v. Hardy, 1 Ves. 281, 440 ; Drue v. Thorn, Alleyn 72; Mitchinson v. Hewson, 7 Term Rep. 348. Neither at law nor in equity will the courts take cognizance of distinct and separate claims, or liabilities of different persons in the same suit. 1 Chitty’s Pl. 8, 31. And therefore, in an action ex contractu against several, it must appear, on the face of the pleadings, [233] that their contract was joint, and that fact must also be proved at the trial; and if too many persons be made defendants, and the objection appear on the pleadings, either of the defendants may demur, move in arrest of judgment, or support a writ of error; and if the objection do not appear upon the pleadings, the plaintiff may be nonsuited, or otherwise the court ought to direct the jury peremptorily to return a verdict against him upon the trial, if he fail in proving a joint contract. Chitty, Pl. 31. And upon this principle it has been holden, that an action can not be maintained against husband and wife upon a promise alleged to havé been made by both during coverture; for as to the wife the promise is void, and therefore in law must be considered the promise of her husband alone, which is insufficient to support the action against the husband and wife jointly. Risley v. Stafford, Palmer 312. The propriety of joining the husband as a defendant with the wife in actions ex contractu, when the cause of action originated with the wife clum sola, is obvious; because, as the law makes him liable during the coverture for the fulfilment of all her engagements made anterior thereto, it would be repugnant to the first principles of natural justice that he should be condemned, or have a judgment rendered against him without an opportunity afforded of being first heard. But still in such suit the contract, or foundation of it, must appear to have originated with the wife alone while sole. And as the husband is only liable for such cause of action during the coverture, it follows necessarily that the moment that that tie is severed, either by the death of the wife or by the death of the husband, all liability of the husband, or of his estate, in that action ceases; if the wife, however, should happen to be the one that survives, the action survives also against her, and may be prosecuted to judgment and execution. See 1 Bac. Abr. tit. Baron & Feme, F. page 485 ; 3 Mod. 186 ; 2 Com. Dig. tit. Baron & Feme, 2 C. page 113 (Kyd’s Ed.) ; 1 Rolle 351, l. 40. If the action then was properly-brought by Eliza Reutter against Nutz and his wife, as no doubt it was, judging from the cause of action set forth in the first declaration, if he, Nutz, had not been previously, appointed her guardian, the death-of the wife abated the suit, and put an end to all liability on the part of Nutz in that suit. If, however, the plaintiff below had any good cause of action against. Nutz, the husband, alone, she could not set it up on that action either before or after the death of the wife, beause no other than a causé of action which originated against the wife before marriage could be presented and made the foundation of a recovery in it. As well might it be contended that a plaintiff who has brought a suit founded upon a contract against a defendent who is unmarried at the time of commencing the action, but marries a woman while the same is pending, against whom the plaintiff has also a cause of action arising out of a contract made with her dum sola, shall be permitted, by the court in which the suit is pending, to add a count to his declaration embracing the cause of action against the wife. Such an amendment, [234] I presume, never yet entered into the head of any lawyer who had one, so as to attempt having it made. Chief Baron Comyn lays it down, that “ if an action be brought by or against husband and wife, where it.ought to be by or against husband alone, it will be error ; or it may be moved in arrest of judgment. 3 Comyn’s Dig. tit. Baron & Feme, Y. page 111, Kyd’s Ed. In conformity to this principle, it has been held that two actions, brought by the same plaintiff, one against the husband alone for words spoken by him, and the other against the husband and wife for words spoken by the wife, cannot be consolidated. Swithin v. Vincent, 3 Wils. 337. The court in that case delivered its opinion in the following words: “ this cannot be done, for it would be error to join the wife in a declaration for words spoken by the husband only, and the declaration would be ill, either upon a demurrer or in arrest of judgment.” The first declaration filed in the cause under our consideration did not profess to make George K. Nutz liable, otherwise than by his having become the husband of Mary Reutter, against whom the plaintiff below alleged she had her cause of action; but it was no doubt the intention of the attorney of the plaintiff below, by his filing the new declaration, to spread on the record a cause of action that would charge Nutz individually, and in his own right; although I have my doubts whether he has done so; indeed, I am rather inclined to think that he has not stated a sufficient consideration in it to make Nutz liable individually, and in his own right. However, upon this I do not wish to be understood as giving any opinion by which I shall feel myself bound in the least degree hereafter. But admitting that it is such as it was designed to be, then it would be incompatible with the first, which must still be considered as a part at-least of the declaration in the cause, for it was not asked of the court to be withdrawn, and certainly never was withdrawn. Hence, the declaration may never be considered as consisting of two counts. In forming an opinion of the correctness of the proceeding in this case, we consider and judge,of it in the same way as if the original parties to it were all still in full life, because every cause of action must refer to the original commencement of the suit, and if it did not exist then, or were not good, ,or could not then be made a good ground for recovery on the part of the plaintiff, it cannot become or be made so by any subsequent occurrence in that action. Now let us apply the ordinary test in such cases, in order to determine whether two counts can be joined in the same declaration in an action against a husband and wife, one charging him and the wife both in right of the wife, and the other charging him in his own individual capacity and right. Chief Justice Wilmot says, the true test to try whether two counts can be joined in the same declaration is to consider and see whether, there be the same judgment in both, and wherever there is the same judgment in both, he thinks they may well be joined. In this opinion the other judges concurred. Dickson v. Clifton, 3 Wils. 331 ; 1 Term [235] Rep. 276. It is evident that here the judgment in case of a recovery could not be the same on both counts,, for on the first it would have tobe a judgment against both the husband and wife, but on the second a judgment against the husband alone. As well might it be attempted in an action of debt against A and B jointly, to charge, them in the first count of the declaration with a certain sum of money due from them to the plaintiff upon their joint obligation, and in a second count to charge A alone with the like sum due upon his several obligation. Yet such a thing has never been heard of. We also think that the court below erred in their charge to the jury in regard to the appointment of George K. Nutz guardian of the person and estate of the defendant in error, and. as to the effect of what he did under that appointment, whether it amounted to an acceptance of the guardianship generally or not. The charge of the court upon this matter was calculated, to say the least of it, to mislead the jury, by leaving them at liberty to consider the appointment of Nutz, a guardian of the defendant below, for a special purpose only, merely to bring and prosecute an action to recover a tract of land in Northumberland county, in which she had an interest. The .words of the court are, “ the appointment of Nutz as guardian, for the purpose of instituting the ejectment in Northumberland county, and his instituting that ejectment without taking upon himself the guardianship of plaintiff’s other property, would not support defendant’s plea.” Now there was nothing in the evidence to warrant these remarks to the jury. There was no evidence of Nutz's having been appointed guardian but once. That appointment was general in its terms, and could not be restricted. It made him -guardian of her person and all her estate, and if he did any act as guardian under it, it was an acceptance of the appointment generally, and he thereby became responsible as such. There being then no other evidence given of his appointment as guardian than the certificate from the clerk of the orphan’s court, which showed that his appointment was general; and it being admitted, that after that he had commenced and prosecuted an action of ejectment as guardian of the defendant in error: his authority to do so could only be derived from this appointment, and was conclusive evidence of his having accepted it, and the court below ought to have so instructed the'jury. And as he therefore was entitled to receive, and must.be considered as having received all the moneys, goods and chattels mentioned in the declaration in this action, to which the plaintiff below lays claim, as her guardian, and never having settled his guardianship account with the orphan’s court, this action could not have been supported against him alone, or his personal representative, even had it been so originally brought. This has been settled and ruled by this court in the case of Bowman v. Herr, 1 Penns. Rep. 282. The judgment of the court below is reversed.