Benedict v. Montgomery

[240] The opinion of the Court was delivered by Kennedy, J. A number of errors, no less than eleven, have been assigned in this case, many of which have nothing in them, and cannot be sustained, and therefore need not be discussed. Neither will it be necessary to notice the other errors in detail, as they relate to the instruction given by the court to the jury, in which the court told the jury that the cause turned entirely upon two questions of fact, which they were to solve; the first of which is, did Anthony Young purchase the property in contest with the money of his wife ? and the second, if he did, had she been reimbursed or repaid the money so used by him in making the purchase? And although the court did not in terms tell the jury, that if they found the purchase was made by A. Young with his own money, the plaintiff was entitled to recover, yet this may be very fairly inferred from their instruction. But the court directed the jury, if they found that the purchase was made with the money of the wife, and that she had been repaid the amount out of the husband’s estate, the plaintiff was entitled to recover; but if she had not been repaid, then the plaintiff could not recover. Now in regard to the first question of fact here left by the court to the jury, it is evident that the court left it to the jury to determine whether the property in controversy was not purchased by A. Young-with money arising from the separate estate of his wife; for in addressing the jury on this point, the court say: “ a variety of decisions in Pennsylvania have established the position, that a purchase with trust-money, in whole or in part, gives the owner of the money a correspondent ownership of the land. And this principle, now well established amongst us, is peculiarly applicable to money arising out of the wife’s separate estate, and applied by the husband to the acquisition of other property. The law follows the money into the property, and gives the wife the benefit of it, as against the husband and his heirs.” Thus it appears that the court considered the evidence given of the declarations of A. Young, that the property in question was purchased with money which he received from the sale of his wife’s estate, as evidence going to show that he purchased it with money arising from the sale of her separate estate. But this was certainly a misapprehension on the part of the court, as to the nature and tendency of this evidence, for allowing to it its utmost possible latitude in favour of the defendants, even with the aid of conjecture, it only tended to prove that the husband purchased the property in contest with money which he had received from the sale of real estate made by him and his wife, of which he was seised in her right. And me maxim of law, in this respect, is, that “the husband is the head of the wife, and therefore all that she has belongs to him.” Finch’s Law 29. This is even the case as to her real estate during the coverture. It is only in equity that the wife is regarded as having a separate estate, and then only when it appears clearly [241] to have been created for her use alone, and to the exclusion of her husband. Coomes v. Elling, (3 Atk. 679). But in the case before us, it is perfectly clear, from all the evidence given, that the wife of A. Young had no separate estate of any kind, during the coverture, from which money could have been raised by a sale thereof or otherwise, with which the property in question could have been purchased by A. Young, the husband. It was error, therefore, in the court, to leave it to the jury to decide whether it was so or not without evidence. The.idea, then, which the court below seem to be desirous of impressing on the minds of the jury, that if they should find that the property in dispute was purchased by A. Young with money arising from the separate estate of his wife, she would have a right to follow it in the property, and to claim the property in lieu thereof, is altogether out of the question. Besides, the deed of conveyance which A. Young took of Smith and wife for the property, shows conclusively that he purchased it for his own use, and not in trust for his wife, or any other. By the habendum of the deed it is expressly declared that he is “ to have and to hold the said lot, &c., thereby granted, &c., to the only profit, use and behoof of the aforesaid Anthony Young, his heirs and assigns.” And the law seems to be well settled in this respect, that where a man by the words of the deed, for a valuable consideration expressed in it, as in this case, takes the estate thereby granted to his own use, there can arise no resulting use to any other. Bendl.,p. 16, pl. 20; Stapley v. Lock, (Gould. 82, pl. 23); Adams v. Savage, (2 Ld. Raym. 855). Neither can any averment or proof of a use be received, contrary to that expressed in the deed. Dowman’s Case, (9 C o. 10). So that, whether the grantee takes it by the words of the deed to his own use, or to the use of another, there cari be no averment that he takes it as a trustee in any other manner; for there is such a sanction given to all solemn acts of contracting, that they cannot be construed directly contrary to their own expressions. Gilb. on Uses and Trusts 6; 1 And. 313; Bac. Abr. tit. Uses and Trusts, p. 92, (Wilson’s ed.) It becomes proper now to turn our attention to the deed of assignment made by A. Young in favour of his wife, which is endorsed on the back of the deed of conveyance made to him of the property in controversy by James Smith and wife, and to inquire into the effect of it. In the first place, it may be observed that an estate in fee could not pass by it from the husband, to vest in the wife after his death; for it is a rule of the common law that an estate of freehold cannot be granted to commence in futuro. Barwick’s Case, (5 Co. 94, b); 2 Ventr. 204; Roe v. Tranmer, (2 Wils. 75). Henpe, if a deed of conveyance be made to J. S. and his heirs, after the death of the grantor, to the use of J. S. and his heirs, it is void. Roe v. Tranmer, (2 Wils. 75); Lamb v. Archer, (1 Salk. 225). And as a covenant by the hus [242] band to stand seised of the property for the use of the wife, it is also void; for husband and wife, in all matters of property, by the rules of law, are as one person, and it is perfectly clear that no man can covenant with himself. Gilb. on Uses and Trusts 53-4; 2 Rolle Abr. 788; Co. Lit. 112, a. Had the assignment been made to a third person by A. Young, for the use of his wife and her heirs after his death, it might have raised a use in her favour, though not alleged expressly to be in consideration of marriage; for then the covenant would have been with another person, and it would have been a sufficient consideration that the relationship appeared on the face of the covenant, as if a man covenant to stand seised to the use of his wife, son or cousin, without saying in consideration of the natural love which he bears towards them, the covenant will raise the use. Bedell’s Case, (7 Co. 40); 2 Wils. 22; 2 Sand. on Uses and Trusts 81. Seeing, then, that the assignment could have no legal operation in favour of the wife or her heirs, it becomes necessary, in the next place, to examine and ascertain whether it can be sustained in equity or not. It is proper, however, to premise that the assignment, for aught that appears to the contrary, seems to have been purely voluntary; for there is not even a speck of evidence which tends in the slightest degree to prove that the assignment was made by the husband in pursuance of any promise or assurance that he would do anything of the kind, if his wife would join him in making sale of her house and lot situate in Carlisle, whereby he might receive and use the money arising therefrom. This being the case, he must be regarded, I apprehend, as being under no other obligation than that which rests upon every man to provide reasonably for his wife. Though gifts or grants of property by a husband to his wife after marriage are generally void at law, yet in some cases where they would have been held void at law, courts of equity in England, and in some of the United States, have upheld them. The principle upon which these courts seem to have acted in this respect is, that when it appears to the court that the grant to the wife is nothing more than a reasonable provision for her, taking into consideration the circumstances of the husband, the court will sustain it; but if it appear to be otherwise, as, for instance, where he by deed grants all his estate or property to her, the deed will be held inoperative in equity, as it tvould at law; for it could in no just sense be deemed a reasonable provision for her, which is the utmost, as it is said, that courts of equity will hold a wife entitled to. See Beard v. Beard, (3 Atk. 72); Sheppard v. Sheppard, (7 Johns. Ch. Rep. 61); 2 Story's Eq. Pl. 1374; Walter v. Hodge, (2 Swart. Rep. 106-7); Lucas v. Lucas, (1 Atk. 270-1). In opposition to this doctrine, however, it was held in Dibble v. Hutton, (1 Day’s Co. 221), by the Supreme Court of Errors in the State of Connecticut, that equity there would not assist the wife in compelling the performance of a pro [243] mise made to her by her husband, where they, being tenants in common of 55 acres of land, he of three-fourths and she of the remaining fourth, he, in consideration that she would join him in selling the whole, whereby he could obtain a higher price for his interest therein than he could by selling it alone, promised to pay to her, for her separate use, one-fourth of the money for which the whole land should be sold, and to place securities in her hands for that purpose, which he failed to do. The court held that she was not entitled to relief. It is not necessary to pass any opinion upon this case, which goes a great way to show that agreements made between husband and wife during coverture, without the interposition of a third person as a party thereto, are inoperative in equity as well as at law. But taking the principle adopted by the courts of equity in England as our guide, it does not appear, under all the circumstances of this case, that the defendants, who claim to derive their right to the property in dispute from the wife, are entitled to hold it under the grant contained in the assignment made by the husband' to the wife. The property thereby granted would seem, according to the allegations of the defendants, to have been the principal or chief part of his estate. But, whatever the residue of the husband’s estate may have amounted to, it is clear from the evidence that she upon his death possessed herself of the whole of it, and used it. This, it must be admitted, she had a right to do under the terms of the husband’s will; but then she could not claim to do this, and, at the same time, claim to hold the property in question under the assignment from her husband, so as that it should be transmitted, upon her death, by descent to her heirs. For that would be permitting her to take all the estate of the husband, not only contrary to his intention, as expressed'most clearly in his will, but contrary likewise to the principle upon'which courts of equity have professed to act in upholding contracts made between husband and wife during coverture. Seeing, then, that the wife in her lifetime, after the death of her husband, possessed herself of all his estate, and consumed and disposed of it all, except that in contest, it would be unreasonable and unjust to permit her heirs now, she being dead, to hold the property in contest, which would in effect be giving to her the whole of the husband’s estate—a provision that he never intended she should have, and one which equity will not support. We are therefore brought to the conclusion that the court erred in the view which it took of the case in charging the jury- Judgment reversed, and venire de novo awarded.