Kennedy v. Gregory

Ye ates J. The material question to be considered in this case is whether evidence- proper in itself on the pleadings has been refused by the court on the trial. From the statement of the evidence made by the presiding judge, it appears that Samuel Brewster one of the witnesses, on the defendant finding fault with the conduct of the plaintiff, •asked him whether he was given to intoxication. To which the defendant answered either that the plaintiff loved liquor, or it was said so. David Newport was offered to prove that he had told the defendant the plaintiff was addicted to drink; on which the court was divided. It has been contended that the answer to this question was waived by the defendant’s counsel. But taking into view what dropped from one of the members of the court at the time, I am not disposed to put that construction on it. A due harmony between the bench and bar not only conduces to expediting business, but is in a great measure necessary in the administration of justice. Under the circumstances of the case therefore I do not look on the evidence as waived. It is settled in 7 T. R. 17. that a plea of justification in slan- • der under the communication of another is not good, unless the author is mentioned at the time of speaking the words; and in 2 East 426. it is resolved, that whoever would shelter himself underreport, must also use the very words of his author, in order to give the plaintiff an action against him. A general — 87 — leave to justify by our practice is tantamount to a special plea of justification in England; and therefore it is clear that Newport could not with propriety answer the question on the ground of justification. But it is contended here that the mony was not offered as a justification, but in extenuation of the damages for the words spoken. If the words laid and proved had been substantively and independently charged against the plaintiff by the defendant, I am strongly inclined to think that the present question could not be asked, even to mitigate the damages, on either plea then before the court; unless there had been leave to give the special matter in evidence, and notice of the intention of the party had been previously given. Because otherwise it would be a surprise on the plaintiff, and he could not come prepared to repel the evidence.. Here however one of the plaintiff’s witnesses swore in the alternative, that the defendant declared to him either that the plaintiff loved liquor, or it ivas said so. And under these circumstances, I think it was competent to the defendant to shew by Newport, that he had said so to him, to.take off all presumption that the charge was a fabrication.of his own, merely in mitigation of damages, as to the words thus sworn to by Brewster. I agree that new trials will be seldom granted in actions of slander. The peace of society requires that slander should be repressed. But in this case, the presiding j udge having declared in his charge, that he should have been satisfied if the jury had given a verdict for the defendant, or if they could find for the plaintiff and should find reasonable damages, which evinced a measuring cast in his mind, and testimony admissible in my idea in its nature not having gone to the jury for their consideration, under the special circumstances of the case, I am of opinion that a new trial should be granted. Smith J. When Newport was offered to prove that he. told defendant, plaintiff was given to drink, the court was divided upon the admissibility of the evidence; whereupon it was declared by the 'court that, agreeably to the practice on the circuit, the evidence was to be given, and the point whether admissible or not, reserved. The counsel who offered it, on being asked by the judge who was in favour of its admissibility, Do you need ■it? waived it. But I will consider the question as if the court had ruled — 88 — that it was hot admissible, and as if there had been no waiver It is clear that m. justification of the defendant it could not be admitted. “ If I. S. publish that he hath heard generally without a “ certain author that T. G. was a traitor or thief, there an action “ sur le case lieth against I. S. for this, that he hath not given “to the party grieved any cause of action against an}, but “ against himself who published the words, although that in “truth he might hear them; for otherwise this might tend to a “ great slander of the innocent. For if one who hath Ice. am phan- “ tasiam, or who is a drunkard, or of no estimation, speak scan- “ dalous words, if it should be lawful for a man of credit to “ report them generally, that he had heard scandalous words “ without mentioning of his author, that would give greater co- “ lour and probability that the words were true in respect of the “ credit of the reporter than if the author himself should be “ mentioned; for the reputation and good name of every man “ is dear and precious to him.” 12 Co. 134. which case is recognised in 7 T. R. 19. by Lord Kenyon, in delivering the opinion of the court in Davis v. Lezvis, which was an action of slander for speaking these words by defendant, of and concerning plaintiff in his business as a taylor, “ I heard you zvere run azvay; a person has been here to tell me that you zvere run azvay.'1'’ Defendant pleaded in justification that before the speaking of the words he the defendant had heard and been told by one D. Morris that the plaintiff was run away, for which reason he spoke them; and on general demurrer judgment for the plaintiff. “ Per Lord Kenyon. Whether this be considered on the aufhori- “ ties or on the reason of the case, the justification cannot be “ supported.” He then cites the Earl of Northampton’s case as in point. “ Then it is said that it is sufficient to repel such ac- “ tion, to disclose by the defendant’s plea the person who told “ him the slander; but that is clearly no justification after put- “ ting the plaintiff to the expense of bringing the action. The “ plaintiff can only impute the slander to the man who utters “ it, if the latter do not mention the person from whom he “ heard it. The justice of the case also falls in with the deci- “ sions upon this subject. It is just that when a person repeats “ any slander against another, he should at the same time de- “ dare from whom he heard it, in order that the party injured “ may sue the author of the slander.” — 89 — But it is now discovered that although true it is this evidence cannot be admitted to justify, yet it ought to have been admitted in mitigation of damages. It is truly said by Lord Mansfield, Burr. 1990. that favourable cases make bad precedents. Because on the trial the inclination of my mind was rather against the plaintiff, does it follow that I must incline to the admission of evidence, which I believe to be contrary to the rules of law properly understood and applied to the subject matter? In Strange 1200. in an action for words, on not guilty, defendant offered to prove the words to be true in mitigation of damages, which the Chief Justice refused to permit, saying that “ at a meeting of all the Judges upon a case “ that arose in the Common Pleas, a large majority of them “ had determined not to allow it for the future, but that it “ should be pleaded, whereby the plaintiff might be prepared “ to defend himself as well as to prove the speaking of the “ words. That this was now a general rule amongst them all, “ which no Judge would think himself at liberty to depart “ from, and that it extended to all sort of words, and not bare- “ ly to such as imported a charge of felony.” I challenge ingenuity to point out one evil which would result from such evidence being given as matter of justif cation, which would not follow to almost the same degree, were it .allowed in mitigation of damages; it would certainly follow to a very great degree. A man whose declaration or even significant hint will be extensively believed goes round and makes such a representation of the plaintiff as in a short time reduces him and his family to the want of bread. The injured party brings an action against the man who has thus injured his reputation; the propagator of the slander lies by till the day of trial, and then he brings forward evidence to prove that some vile wretch, perhaps whose censure would be praise, told him the words which on his credit have been believed from the time he uttered them, but which, had he at first mentioned his author, would have been deemed unworthy of the least credit. But supposing the man who told the defendant the words, to be of equal credit with himself or even better, by his lying by till the trial the act of limitation takes place, and the injured man has no remedy against the original slanderer under whom the slanderer has sheltered himself; this will be the general effect of the e vidence — 90 — offered, if admitted. If such evidence would lessen the damages one cent’ ^ wou^ s0 ^ar deprive the plaintiff of an adequate fiemedy against the authors of his ruin. But in this case there is an additional reason against its admission. Two or three days after speaking the words, plaintiff and defendant both called at Samuel Brewster’s, who repeated the words of which he gave evidence on the trial; even then defendant did not give a hint that any other person had mentioned them to him. I conclude therefore that evidence cannot be given either in justification or in mitigation of damages, that a third person, not named at the speaking of the words, mentioned them to the defendant. A contrary decision or construction would open a school for scandal throughout the state. At the trial the inclination of my mind was that there was not a sufficient proof of malice; but this was a fact arising from the evidence properly and solely within the cognisance of the jury. Their verdict proves that there was malice in defendant; and as juries as well as individuals are the best judges within their own exclusive province or profession, reflection induces me to believe that in this instance their judgment was more correct than mine. Malice, malignity of mind, maybe evinced in a thousand different ways. The defendant went round with the schoolmaster, by whom he wished to supplant the defendant, to different employers, and by sly insinuations did him as much injury as if he had made the most direct and pointed charge. Brackenridge J. continued of opinion that the evidence should have been admitted in mitigation of damages. He assented to the law as laid down by Judge Smith with respect to pleading in justification, but thought it did not apply to the case. He was also of opinion that the verdict was against the weight of evidence. ■ Rule absolute, (a) Footnotes [(a)] Since the appointment of Chief Justice Tilghman, the opinion of the court in the case of Kennedy v. Gregory, has received his sanction in the following case at Nisi Prius. Morris against Duane. IN this cause, which was an action on the case for a libel, tried before Tilghman C. J. at Nisi Prius'March 21st, 1808, the defendant offered in evidence a writing, purporting to be'the copy of an anonymous letter which — 91 — from certain marks on the back of it was inferred to have been in the possession of B. F. Bache, and upon his death to have come to the defendant who succeeded him as editor of the Aurora in which the libel was published. The death of Mr. Bache and the defendant’s succession to the newspaper were prior to the libel; and the object of the writing offered was to mitigate the damages by shewing that the defendant was not the inventor of the charge he had published against the plaintiff, but that this writing was in his possession at the time and led to the publication. The principal argument offered by Hopiinson for the defendant was this: That the libel being charged in the declaration to have been maliciously and falsely devised as well as printed and published by the defendant, though it was not necessary for the plaintiff" to prove the whole charge, yet the consequence of proving the whole would be damages proportionally high. It therefore was material to shew that the charge was not devised by him, for he thus shewed that the degree of malice was at all events less than if he had devised it. It could not be given in evidence to maintain the plea of not guilty; it was in strictness no justification, and therefore as it was material he should be allowed to offer it to the jury in mitigation of damages. He cited the case of Kennedy v. Gregory, and Prick’s case Cro. Jac. 91. in Brook v. Montague. The objections to this evidence by Lewis and Meredith who were of counsel with the plaintiff were, that the libel published by Duane contained no reference to a letter -or to any other source of information, but was a substantive charge proceeding exclusively from himself, and therefore it should fall exclusively on himself; that in point of law the malice was proved conclusively by the false publication, and it was altogether irrelevant to shew an absence of personal malice, and of course a less or greater degree of it. That it could not legally weigh a particle in the defendant’s favour that he had such a paper, when he had attempted to poison the mind of the public by stating the charge unequivocally and without reference. That on the contrary it aggravated the offence, as the reference might have furnished the -plaintiff an opportunity of rescuing his character, by exposing the source from which the calumny proceeded. The case from Cro. Jac. was altogether different. There a clergyman recited from his pulpit;,a story from — 92 — Fox’s Martyrology, that one Greenwood for his perjuries and crimes had been killed by the hand of God. Greenwood was in church at the time, and after-wards brought an action for the words. But the clergyman pleaded not guilty, and it was held the action would not lie, by reason of the occasion of publishing the words. (The case of Kennedy v. Gregory was not in court, and therefore ws not noticed.) Tilghmas C. J. This point is not new to me, it has occurred on the circuit and been considered though not absolutely decided by me. The effect of any evidence which a defendant may offer is with the jury; the competency of it, with the court. The question in this case is, whether the defendant is entitled to offer to the jury this letter, with the explanations, for any legal purpose connected with the cause. It certainly cannot be offered to prove the plea of not guilty; and it is no legal justification. But still, is it not material? Can it be, that like damages should b'e given against two defendants, one of whom received his information from such sources as were entitled to a certain degree of credit, while the other devised it by his own wicked imagination? I think it cannot. Such evidence certainly goes to the degree of malice, and must weigh with the jury according to the circumstances which attend it. Whether these circumstances are such as ought in reason to mitigate the damages, they will decide. In the case of Williams and wife v. Mayer and wife, (Circuit Court, Mijjlin county, May 1806) I expressed the inclination of my mind, that the defendants who were sued for slander in charging the plaintiffs with felony, might on general principles give evidence of circumstances which had induced a suspicion of felony; although in that case the evidence was clearly admissible by way of rebutting something which had been proved, in order to aggravate the damages, by tbe plaintiffs, and therefore the general point was not decided. Since that 1 have observed in 2 Peak’s Comp• of Emd. 287. it is said to have been ruled by Eyre C. J. in the case of Knobel v Fuller, that the defendant may in mitigation of damages prove, on the general issue, such facts and circumstances as shew a ground of suspicion not amounting to actual proo'f of the plaintiff’s guilt. I adhere to the opinion which I had formed in the case of Williams v. Mayer, and admit the evidence.