Russel v. Skipwith

Tilghman C. J. This was ati action of covenant for the Recovery of a debt. The defendant pleaded that the plaintiff is an alien enemy, born out of the allegiance of the United States, and under the allegiance of the king of the'United. Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, between whom and the United Slates there is war; and that the plaintiff is not a citizen of the United Stales, nor resident within the same. To this plea there was a demurrer and joinder. The case must be determined upon the principles of the common law, not being affected by the treaty between the United States and Great Britain, which only provides against the confiscation or sequestration of private debts. The rigour of the ancient law has been softened by increased civilization, and the principle has gradually gained ground, that the contracts of individuals ought not to be affected by the quarrels of nations. Between some nations, it is stipulated by treaty, that a state of war shall not prevent the recovery of debts; but where no treaty exists, although it is against usage to confiscate, yet the utmost stretch of modern refinement has never gone to the extent of permitting the maintenance of an action by an alien enemy, except under particular circumstances. It has never been supposed that one, who was himself an enemy, and the subject of a sovereign at war — 245 — With the United States, could support-an action, unless he _ resided within the United States, under the protection of the government express or implied. But there has been a di,fference of opinion, and a change of the law, with respect to the manner in which the defendant may avail himself by plea of the plaintiff’s disability. It was formerly sufficient to set forth that the plaintiff was an alien, born out of the allegiance of the king, in whose courts the suit was brdught, and within the allegiance of another king at war with him. From these circumstances, it was taken to follow as a necessary consequence, that the plaintiff was himself an enemy. But the injustice of this conclusion was manifested by the situation of the kingdoms of Europe after the French revolution. France is now at war with almost all Europe; yet many persons, born under the allegiance of Louis XVI., are fighting against France, under the’standard of the allied powers. Suppose an action then to be brought in England, by a Frenchman holding a commission under England in the war against France, it would b.e no answer to the action to say, that the plaintiff was born under the allegiance of Louis XVT., and that war now exists between France and England. In order to disable the plaintiff, you must go farther, and say that he himself is an enemy, or adhering to the enemy. But there is another circumstance to be attended to. Although the plaintiff be an enemy, yet if he resides in the. country where the suit is brought, under the protection of the government, he may support an action. Therefore, if the defendant in his plea states, that the plaintiff resides in the country, it lies upon him to shew that he is not under the protection of the government. This I take to be the substance of the modern decisions, to which I shall presently advert. But it never can be supported, that it is necessary for the defendant to aver that the plaintiff is residing in the country of the enemy. Upon this principle, suits may be maintained by every officer, soldier and seaman of the British army and navy out of the king’s dominions, by all British ministers at foreign courts, and by all British subjects in foreign countries, although employed as agents for their own government, or in their capacity of merchants or otherwise adhering to their king. The plea in 'the case before us, does not state that the plaintiff adheres — 246 — to the enemy, but it states that he is himself an enemy, which is stronger. A plea however is not the worse for saying that the plaintiff is ait enenty, and that he is adhering to the enemy, and resides in the country of the enemy, because surplusage does not vitiate. Such was the plea in Lebret v. Papillon, 4 East 502. Although not thought to be in very good form, yet it was held good, because, as Lord Ellenborough observed, “ it appeared from the whole “ record that the plaintiff was an alien enemy.” The same in substance was the plea in Brandon v. Nesbitt, 6 T. Rep. 23. There also it was held good, on the ground that an action will not lie either by or in favour of an alien enemy; and Lord Kenyon declared, “ that they had not found a sin- “ gle case in which the action had been supported in favour “of an alien enemy.” The plaintiff’s counsel rely on the case of Casseres v. Bell, 8 Term Rep. 166. The plea was that the plaintiff was an alien born in foreign parts, viz. in Holland, out of the allegiance of the king &c., and that there was war between the king and the persons exercising the powers of government in Holland &c. It was held bad, and with great reason, for it neither appeared that the plaintiff was an enemy or adhered to the enemy. Lord Kenyon in delivering his opinion says, that the plea must negative all those facts, which if shewn by the plaintiff, would enable him to support an action, such as that the plaintiff was residing in England under the king’s protection &c.; and that the plaintiff shall not be put to shew them by a replication. He is satisfied of this he says from the case of Denier v. Arnaud, 4 Mod. 405, the original record of which he had examined, and Openheimer v. Levy, 2 Stra. 1082. Of the original record in Denier v. Arnaud we cannot judge, not being in possession of it; but from the case, as reported, it appears that the plea was, that the plaintiff was w alienígena, ain Regno Francice sub ligiantia adversarii domini regis “ oriundus.” It struck the Court, that oriundus, importing future time, was not an affirmative expression, and that natus should have been used instead of it; this occasioned the doubt, but the Court having taken time to consider of it, held the plea good on the authority of precedents cited from Rastal. It appears also that the best Roman authors use the word oriundus to denote past time, contrary to the — 247 — general significations of participles of that termination. Openheimer v. Levy is considered as accurately reported by Sir y. Strange. The plea was “ that the plaintiff was an “ alien, born at Vienna, under the dominion of the king of “the Romans See.;” held to be bad, because an alien friend may support an action, and it is not said that the plaintiff was an alien enemy. The last case which I shall mention, and on which the plaintiff’s counsel principally relied, is Clarke v. Morey, 10 Johns. N. Y. Rep. 69. The plea, which was held bad on demurrer, contained in substance that the plaintiff was born out of the allegiance of the United States, and within the allegiance of the king of the United Kingdo?n of Great Britain and Ireland, between whom and the United States there was war &c., and that the plaintiff so being such alien born &c., .and an enemy of the United States, and not made a citizen &c., came into the said United States, and still remains therein without letters of safe conduct from the President of the United States, or any license to remain in the United States. The principle on which this case was decided, is agreeable to what I have already declared to be my opinion. An enemy may maintain an action if residing in the United States under the protec- , tion of the government. That this Was the ruling principle, appears from the following expressions of the Chief Justice, who delivered the opinion of the Court. “ In the case be-. “ fore us, we are to take it for granted, (for the suit was “ commenced before the present war) that ,the plaintiff came “ to reside here before the war, and no letters of safe con- “ duct were therefore requisite, nor any license from the “ President. The license is implied by law and the usage of “ nations. If he carne here since the war, the license is also “ implied, and the protection continues until the executive “ shall think proper to order the plaintiff out of the United “ States; but no such order is stated or averred.” There is nothing in this case controverting the fundamental principle, that an alien enemy cannot sue unless he be under the protection of the government. I am therefore of opinion that the defendant’s plea is good, because it shews the plaintiff to be an alien enemy, without any circumstance from which the protection of the government can be implied. But possibly the truth may be that Mr. Russel, although born a — 248 — British subject, may at preáent be neither an enemy nor adhering to the enemy. And as I trust that the Courts of Pennsylvania will always be forward in administering justice to aliens ? on the most liberal principles recognized by the most civilized nations, I shall be for permitting the plaintiff’s counsel to withdraw their demurrer, and plead by way of replication any facts in favour of their client, which the 'truth o'f his case will justify. Yeates J. The plaintiff in this instance by his demurrer has confessed the truth of the facts set out in the defendant’s plea, provided those facts are well and sufficiently pleaded. The plea states that the plaintiff is an alien enemy, bom out of the allegiance of the United States of America, and within the allegiance of a foreign sovereign, to wit, the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and is not a citizen of the said United States of America, nor resident within the same; and that since the last continuance of the plea, a public war has been commenced and is now carried on between the King and government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and their dependencies, and the said United States of America and their territories. To this it is objected, that in such pleas as the present, it is indispensably necessary that every fact should be stated affirmatively, which may oust the plaintiff from his right of action; and that the commorancy of the plaintiff in the British Kingdom or its dependencies is essentially necessary for this purpose. This seems to be the modern English law as recognized by Kent Chief Justice, 10 Johns. 74, Clark v. Morey, founded on the case of Lebret v. Papillon, 4 East 502, and seems to have been adopted in New York in Bell v. Chapman, 10 Johns. 183. But our decision herein must be governed by the state of the law as it existed amongst us prior to our municipal act of 28th January 1777. For by that statute, the common law, and such of the statute laws of England, as -had theretofore been in force amongst us, were declared to be binding on the inhabitants of this state. The general principle laid down in the .books is, that an alien enemy cannot support a suit in a court of justice; his rights are suspended during the War. The ground of the — 249 — restriction and reason of the law is, that if he was permitted to maintain an action, he would have it in his power to withdraw the money recovered, and add it to the funds of his native country. In vain have I searched the entries, reports and elementary treatises, for any case wherein it has been held previously to 1777, that an alien enemy residing in a neutral country may maintain an action. The tenth article of the British treaty of 1795 does not legalize such a proceeding. I will not pretend to determine, what political events gave birth to an alteration of the English law in*the particular under consideration; but it appears clear to me that the residence of an alien enemy in a neutral country cannot form an exception to the reason or policy of the general principle; because if he can withdraw the money into a neutral country, he may readily transfer it from thence into his native kingdom. Odious'ns this branch of the law may be, inasmuch as in its operation it materially affects the private rights of individuals, it is nevertheless binding on us. I am therefore of opinion that the demurrer should be - overruled, and that the plaintiff should be at liberty to reply to the plea if he shall deem it advisable, upon payment of the costs incurred since his demurrer. Bb.ackenb.idge J. concurred with the Chief Justice. .Demurrer overruled, with liberty to reply.