Stump v. Findlay

The opinion of the court* (Duncan, J. taking no part, having been counsel for the plaintiffs .in error, and Tod, J. also taking no part, having ruled the cause below,) was delivered by Gibson, C. J. — The essential fact's of the case are these: In 1765, John Findlay claimed five hundred acres of land, including, the premises in dispute, on a warrant for one hundred acres; and had procured Samuel Lyon,■ an assistant of the deputy surveyor, to make a survey of his claim; a rough draft of which, without date, or reference to any authority, or office title, was found in the' office of the deputy. In 1768 he conveyed two hundred and eight acres to*his son James; and, in 1783 devised the residue to his son John for life, with concurrent contingent remainders to the issue of John, and their heirs, as tenants in common; and, in the event of John’s leaving no issue, to James, in fee. The plaintiffs claim as the children of John. The defendants claim paramount the will; and they also resist the title of the plaintiffs under the will, on the ground, that tjie contingent remainder limited to them, was barred by a common recovery suffered by John, the tenant of the particular estate. The paramount title is this. In 1785, several years after the death of the testator, James, his son, obtained a warrant in the name of his own son, John, for two hundred acres, part of the land devised; and in 1790 had a survey of one hundred and thirty-two acres made on it, against the acceptance of which, John, the devisee, entered a Caveat, in 1791. But, in Í793, this same John, by articles, with his brother and nephew, in which he declares, that he claims the land, agrees to purchase their title for twenty pounds. Under this title, eleven acres are. conveyed in 1794 to Myet's, (one of the defendants,) in fee; and in 17.97 the residue is articled, to be sold to George Hetich, from whom, after he had suffered the common recovery, whose effect on the contingent limitation to the plaintiffs forms the sccond'branch of the inquiry, title is regularly deduced to Stump, another of the defendants; the other defendant is their tenant. The first question, therefore, is, whether á party, who claims under John, the devisee, can set up a .paramount title, in opposition to the provisions of the will: And I am of opinion, he cannot. — 174 — I am at a loss to imagine a clearer case of election. In courts of law, as well as of equity, no one can claim under a deed, wjthout claiming under the whole of it, or take one clause, and reject the rest; the whole must be confirmed, or the whole abandoned. Just so of a will. If the testator devise the estate of Titius to another, and give Titius a legacy, Titius shall not hold the estate, and claim the legacy; he shall not take a benefit under the instrument, without suffering the whole of it to take effect: And it is immaterial, whether the testator believed he had a right to dispose of the estate of Titius, or intended to assume an arbitrary power. If Titius will avail himself óf his bounty, he shall not disappoint his will. 7 Wils. Bac. app. 445. 2 Mad. Ch. 40. With the exception of a single case, the doctrine in regard to wills, has been held as broadly as I have stated it, from Noyes v. Mordaunt, 2 Vern. 581, to the present day. In the excepted case, (Forrester v. Cotten, Amb. 388,) it is true, Lord Keeper Henry expressed great doubt, whether such a condition (ás he called it,) can be coupled with a partial estate, as the devise would be good, or otherwise, just as the devisee in remainder, should submit to the will.-1 trust it will be considered no disrespect to say, the doctrine was then newly sprung up, and its principles were perhaps imperfectly explored; for it is certainly now held, that the equity, in cases of election, instead of being a condition, which, if not performed, induces a forfeiture, is to sequester the devised interest, till satisfaction be made to the disappointed devisee. 2 Mad. Ch. 42. And, beside, I take the principle in Forrester v. Cotten to have been since overruled. Such, then, being the .rule, is the case before us within it ? A testator devises an estate to his son for life, who. enters, and enjoys the whole of it; but who, afterwards, acquires an adverse title to a part of it in fee; declaring, at the same time, that he already has a title, under the will. After this, will it be endured, that he shall set up this adverse title against the title of the testator? It would be a shame and a scandal if he could. It was his duty to perfect the testator’s title, for the benefit of himself, and those in remainder, instead of colluding with an adverse claimant, who. probably was his creature, to defeat it. The devise of the whole was in confidence, that the devisee would do no act to defeat the testator’s intention, as to any part: and the devisee having elected to take under the will,, shall not be permitted to claim in repugnant rights. John, the devisee, therefore, must be taken to have made the purchase in aid of his former title, and in trust for those beneficially entitled, under the limitations in the will. This view of the first branch of the defence,, supersedes all inquiry into the grounds of the first two errors; because, the title set up by the defendants, being the title of the plaintiffs, if not barred by the recovery, it is immaterial, whether there was an abstract error in admitting a witness to prove the contents of a survey, or in charging, that the draft was evidence of an equitable right, under — 175 — the testator’s settlement; and that he was entitled'to more than three hundred acres. All this was obviated, by the fact, that there was an available title under the warrant and survey in the name of John, the son of Jaynes; and that the defendants would have been estopped from denying the title of the testator, were it otherwise. Then, as to the effect of the common recovery. John Findlay, the devisee, having a son then living, entered into articles for the sale of the premises, to George Hetich, against whom, and Samuel Riddle, Joseph Parks brought a writ of entry; the tenants vouching John Findlay-, and he vouching over the common vouchee, against whom judgment was rendered by default. The demandant then conveyed to John Findlay, in trust, for Hetich and Riddle, from whom the defendants regularly'deduce their title; and the first objection by the plaintiffs is, that the recovery was void, for want of a good tenant to the prsecipe. It is an elementary principle that the party against whom the writ is brought, must, by-right, or'by wrong, have an estate of freehold at the time of the judgment. Here there was nothing but an agreement, and one which the tenant, -not having paid the purchase money which was to precede the conveyance, had not even a right to have executed. In a case of'-this sort, there is no such thing as an equitable tenant to the príncipe; for although in an adversary proceeding, we will, to prevent a failure of justice, consider those things as already done which chancery would, compel a party to do, there is no necessity for extending the rule to common recoveries, which áre not adversary proceedings. Their effect in barring contingent remainders is exclusively technical, and s-trictissimi juris; and, as there are no equitable considerations to recommend them to indulgence, the tenant for life escaping personal chastisement only because there is no trust in the case to give a chancellor jurisdiction, (Co. Litt. 290, b. Note, 249,) the parties ought to be held .closely to technical form. But even a conveyance would not have made the recovery'lawful', as John Findlay was a bare tenant for life, and by the form of conveyance usual here, could have passed no greater estate than was in him; so, that by the statute,-14 Éliz. c. 8, the recovery would still have been void, for want of a subsequent estate of inheritance in the tenant. Something was said at the argument, of presuming a conveyance of an'estate of inheritance from lapse of time; but, I believe, no case of the kind is to be found. After a very long possession, the surrender of a precedent lease for life, to enable a remainderman in tail to make a tenant to the prsecipe, has been presumed; but never, after a lapse, as here, of only fifteen years. Something was also said about the reco'very being good till reversed by writ of error. ■ It is'certain, however, that it may be abated by entry and plea, and consequently,'in an action of ejectment; the law being so laid down both in Booth on Real dictions, 77, and Pigot on Recovey'ies, 156. The question, therefore, is, whether a void Recovery, such as this, will bar a contingent remainder. — 176 — A recovery produces such a bar by working a forfeiture of the particular estate. Previous to statute 32, Hen. 8, c. 31, a recovery barred even vested remainders, by enlarging the particular estate to a fee; in consequence of which, vested estates were turned to aright, and contingent ones irremediably destroyed. But by that statute, and 14Eliz., which has superseded it, a recovery, suffered by a bare tenant for life, is utterly void. Still, however, it was held, in Pelham’s Case, 1 Rep. 15, to work a forfeiture of the particular.estate, and consequently, the destruction of all remainders depending_on it. It is said not to have produced that effect here, because it was* void for want of a-good tenant to the prxcipe. But it would have been equally void with a good tenant to the prmeipe. The objection would be unanswerable in the mouth of a tenant in tail, who can be only barred-by a valid recovery; but, it is of no avail in the mouth of a contingent remainderman, where the particular estate is not an estate tail, because he can be barred by no recovery which is valid. In delivering the opinion of the judges in Dormer v. Parkhurst, 3 Atk. 135, Chief Justice Willes said, there are many cases where an act may be void against another, and yet be a forfeiture to the person; andhe.gave, as an-instance, the case of a copyhold tenant, a lease by whom is certainly void, but nevertheless a forfeiture: so in the case of a fine. Here the Offence of the tenant of the freehold, consisted in suffering himself to be vouched without counterpleading the warranty; thus attempting, by matter of record, to convéy a greater estate than was in him, the consequence of which is indisputably a forfeiture. But as the tenant for life had a child born before the recovery was suffered, it is argued, that the'remainder vested in such child, subject' to open and let in afterborn children.. In cases where the remainder was expressly limited to children, such a construction has prevailed; and had the intention clearly been to vest the estate in the children of John, in any event, it' would h&ve prevailed here. After the devise to John for life, the words are: “and after my son John’s decease, if he shall leave lawful ii-sue, I give and devise the same plantation and tract of land’to his 'heirs, as tenants in common, and their respective heirs and assigns, for ever. But in case my son John shall die without leaving lawful issue, I give and devise the sam'e plantation and tract of land, to my son, James Findlay, to hold to him and his assigns for ever.” The word heirs, is to be qualified so as to mean issue, it being plain from the context, that both these words were used in a sense, neither so extended as to amount to words of limitation, nor so restricted as to mean children. The general intent was, to give the estate to James in the event of John’s leaving no descendant. But this intent would be frustrated by the death of a child in whom the estate vested, and who had died without issue in the life time of John; for after a vested estate in fee, no further limitation can take effect, but by way of executoiy devise. Where two contingent — 177 — remainders in fee, depend on the same particular estate, both cannot take effect, as both depend on the same contingency, according to the happening of which, the one is to take effect in exclusion of the other.' This is the familiar case of a single contingency with a double aspect. But the construction contended for, contemplates two distinct contingencies — the birth of issue, in whom the estate would vest in the life time -of John, and the extinction of such issue, on which it would go over at his death. But the latter could, as I have said, take place only by holding the limitation to James to be an executory devise, which we cannot do, as there is a preceding 'freehold, on which it may depend. As, then, we .have two contingent remainders, which depend on one contingency, and both cannot take effect, there is no way to give effect to the general intention of the testator, but to fix the time for the happening of the contingency at the expiration of the particular estate. The consequence is, I am bound to pronounce, that the plaintiffá are barred. Judgment reversed. Footnotes [*] This opinion appears to have been drawn up for delivery at September Term, 1-82/, but, for some reason, was'omitted in the publication of the decisions of that Term.