Boston Water Power Co. v. Boston & Worcester Railroad

Shaw C. J. delivered the opinion of the Court. Both parties in the present controversy are incorporated companies, claiming rights under several acts of the legislature, professing to have oñe common design and purpose, that of promoting public improvements ; and as the powers respectively claimed by them, under the acts and grants of the sovereign authority of the State, have come into" conflict, it becomes necessary . for the Court to decide between them'-. Two general questions naturally present themselves for consideration ; namely, what those rights are, and whether the remedy^spw sought bj the complainants, in the form of a suit in equity, isvfhe proper mode of redress. Upon the preliminary objection taken to the jurisdiction of the Court as a court of equity, by a general demurrer to the bill, the latter question alone is now ogjen ; but as the form of the remedy must essentially depend u the nature of the rights violated, both questions must, to a certain extent, be considered. The direct question is, whether this Court has jurisdiction of the cause, under the statute vesting in this Court the powers of a court of equity, in all cases of waste and nuisance. St. 1827, c. 88. The authority is to “ hear and determine in equity any matter touching waste or nuisance, in which there is not a plain, adequate and complete remedy at law.” Several grounds are taken by the complainants, to show that the subject matter of their complaint is within the true meaning and construction of the statute, and so is within the jurisdiction of the Court as a court of equity ; one of which is, that it is technically and strictly a nuisance, at common law, that the legal remedy for the injury done to their rights, by the acts complained of, would be an action on the case, and not an action of trespass, and therefore that the equity jurisdiction of the Court extends to and embraces it, by the plain words of the statute. It may be proper, by way of preliminary remark, to state. — 521 — that as this is a general demurrer to the bill, in order to sustain it, it must appear that no substantial and essential part of , the complaint is within the provisions of the statute.* And, -therefore, if the plaintiffs set forth mixed rights, consisting in part, of a right of soil, and of possession, in certain parts of the land described in their bill, as those upon which their dams and permanent structures are erected, in order to pen up the water, and use and appropriate it to the purposes of creat ing and maintaining mill powers, and m part, of a franchise and easement, consisting in a right to have the water flow freely and unobstructed over other lands, and the acts complained of are an injury to both these rights, the demurrer • 'cannot be sustained, because the injury to the easement and incorporeal hereditament, is technically a nuisance, and within the statute. The rights claimed by the plaintiffs, depend entirely upon the acts of the legislature, and the nature and character of them must be determined by those acts. They do not purport to make a grant of land, or the general right of property in any land whatever, and therefore the legal character of the right, interest or property, which the plaintiffs acquire, must be inferred from the uses, to which it appears by the acts, to have been intended to appropriate it. As they were authorized to erect certain dams, sluices and other permanent structures, it may well be inferred, that as an exclusive possession of the soil would be necessary both to erect and to maintain these structures, it was intended to vest in them a right of possession, so far as might be necessary to protect and preserve those works, and for so long a time as might be necessary for that purpose. If, therefore, the only damage complained of, were the damage done to these works, it would certainly afford strong ground to contend, that the damage complained of was a violation of the plaintiffs’ right of possession, for which trespass quare clausum is the appropriate remedy. Wilson v. Smith, 10 Wendell, 324. But the injury done to the plaintiffs’ works, forms but a very small part of the plaintiffs’ complaint. The gravamen of the complaint — 522 — is, the filling up with solid materials a considerable portion both of their full and receiving basins, thereby to diminish their capacity, to check the frpe current and flow of the water from one. part of these respective inclosures to another, and thereby to diminish the plaintiffs’ water power. But the right of making use of the land of others, whether it be that of the nublic or of individuals, for a precise and definite purpose, not inconsistent with a general right of property in the owner, especially, where it is for a public use, is in legal contemplation an easement, or franchise, and not a grant of the soil, or general property. And, upon the best consideration which we have been able to give to these statutes, the Court are all of opinion that, so far as the right of flowage is concerned, the right conferred was a franchise. It seems to be no valid objection to this view of the case, that the easement is of such a character as to deprive the owner of all useful or available beneficial interest in the land. In case of land appropriated to the use of a turnpike corporation, although the corporation obtains the entire use of the surface of the land, as well for use as a travelling path, as for collecting gravel, earth and materials for constructing it, and although in point of fact, in assessing damages for the owner in such case, the whole value of the land is usually given, deducting nothing for the general right of ownership, yet it is clearly held, that such right of property in the original owner is not divested, the right of the corporation is an easement only. Adams v. Emerson, 6 Pick. 57. So it seems to us in the present case, the legislature intended to confer upon the plaintiffs a franchise or easement, for public purposes, two of which are prominently set forth in the acts ; the one, to have an extensive right of flowage for mill purposes; the other, for a right of way. The original grantees, under the sanction of the legislature, have divided these distinct interests, and the plaintiffs now claim all those rights, which were conferred on the original grantees, so far as they relate to the grant for mill purposes. As the acts of the legislature purport to confer upon the plaintiffs a right of flowage only, and the rights necessarily incident thereto, as the enjoyment of such right of flowage does not necessarily — 523 — draw after it a right of property or an exclusive right of possession, and as these are not necessary to its enjoyment, no rule of construction requires, that a larger grant should be considered as conferred by it, than that of an easement, which fully satisfies it. The Court are also of opinion, that the manner in which the plaintiffs have stated their rights in their bill, is not inconsistent with this view as constituting a franchise, and not an exclusive right of possession. There is certainly much weight in the suggestion, that they have set out the acts of the legislature at large, and made them part of their bill, and profess to claim such rights only as these acts confer, and therefore if in summing them up, they should state them in terms which, if they stood alone, might be deemed the averment of a right of property or of possession, still this statement is to be qualified by this reference to the acts of the legislature, and this statement must be deemed to be the statement of an inference from all the foregoing particulars, and therefore to be restrained and made definite, by the several provisions in their acts. But without relying much upon this suggestion, we are of opinion, that the statement in the conclusion of the bill, taking it as it must be taken, in connexion with the subject matter of the bill, is the statement of a franchise and not of a right of property in the reservoirs. After setting forth the acts of the legislature, the acts of the Boston and Roxbury Mill Corporation under them, and the assignment by the Boston and Roxbury Mill Corporation, to them, the Boston Water Power Company, they proceed to state, their right to have and enjoy the exclusive right and privilege of forever using the soil included within the limits of the full basin for the purpose of flowing, &c. and of keeping the soil included within the limits of the receiving basin free from and uncovered by the tide waters, and .using the same to carry off, &c. and of holding and using all the water power, &c. without any hindrance, 8cc. or diminution of the capacity of the full and receiving basins respectively, &c. referring to the acts of the legislature. The exclusive right claimed, is not a right to the soil, exclusive of all other persons, for all other purposes, but a right exclusive of that of all — 524 — others to use for a like purpose, or a purpose inconsistent with their right thus to use it. The manner in which the disturbance is stated, and the damage occasioned by the defendants’ contemplated works, confirm this view of the nature of the plaintiffs’ complaint, and of the rights which they allege to have been interrupted. They aver, indeed, as one of the incidental injurious consequences of the defendants’ works, that the plaintiffs are prevented from occupying two valuable mill-sites ; but the gravamen of the complaint is the filling up, with piles and other solid materials, a considerable portion of the full and receiving basins, diminishing their respective capacities and the mill power derived from them, preventing the free current of the water from one part to another of these basins ; so that the subject mattei of complaint, is an injury to the plaintiffs in their right of flowage. Taking the whole bill together, the Court are of opinion, that the principal right set out by the plaintiffs, is a franchise, an easement or incorporeal hereditament, that it is sufficiently set out and described as such, that the injury complained of is an injury to such incorporeal hereditament, by a disturbance of the plaintiffs, in the enjoyment of such franchise, that the remedy for such an injury at law, would be an action on the case for a disturbance, and not an action of trespass quare clausum, that such an injury is in strict legal consideration a nuisance, and is therefore within the provisions of the statute giving the Court jurisdiction in equity, in all cases of nuisance. This opinion renders it unnecessary to consider the question, whether in any case, the words of the statute can be construed in a more enlarged sense, so as to include wrongs not regarded at law as nuisances, thereby using the term nuisance in a more generic or popular sense, and as equivalent to hurt or damage. 2. It has been contended that this is not a. case within the statute, because the plaintiffs have a plain, adequate and complete remedy at law. Where it appears upon the face of the bill, that a plaintiff • has such remedy, it shows such, a want of equity, as may be taken advantage of by general demurrer. But as this relief is given in all cases where there is not such reinedv, — 525 — it must plainly appear upon the bill, before the jurisdiction can be considered as taken away upon this ground. There appear to be several grounds upon which this bill for an injunction, so far as the rights of the parties appear upon the bill, may be sustained. It has often been held, that where a party claims a franchise under a statute, and is in the possession and enjoyment of such franchise, equity will interpose to protect and secure the enjoyment of such franchise, because it affords the only plain and adequate remedy. Newburgh Turnpike Co. v. Miller, 5 Johns. Ch. R. 101. In the present case, certain rights and franchises were granted to the plaintiffs, by the legislature, upon the ground that the enjoyment and exercise of them would not only be a benefit to the persons incorporated, but would also contribute to the public benefit. Another ground is, where the party complained against professes to act by public authority, to enter upon, and to a certain extent to use the land of third persons, and exceeds his authority, it is held to be a peculiarly proper case lor the interposition of a court of equity. Agar v. The Regent's Canal Co., Cooper’s Eq. Rep. 77 ; Shand v. Henderson, 2 Dow’s R. 519. In this case both these conditions concur; the plaintiffs claim a statute franchise of which they are in possession, and the defendants claim to act under a legislative provision vesting in them the power to do what they have done. It is also another ground for the interposition of a court of equity, that what the defendants propose to do, and claim a right to do, is the erection of a work, which is in its nature permanent and perpetual. It is not like the case of a single or temporary disturbance, the injury arising from which can be measured and estimated and compensated in damages in a single suit; the plaintiffs would be compelled to bring successive suits, from time to time. This is more especially a ground of interference, where the party complained against professes to exercise a public authority, and where the claim is to appropriate the property or franchises of the complainant, to a purpose claimed to be public, and where the plaintiff denies and contests the right of the — 526 — defendants to exercise such power. Gardner v. Newburgh, 2 Johns. Ch. R. 162 ; Belknap v. Belknap, 2 Johns. Ch. R. 473. Without going at large into the authorities, the Court are of opinion, that this is a case where the rights of the plaintiffs, being fixed and settled by the statutes, where both parties are corporations, claiming certain rights, but claiming them as granted by the public, and to be exercised and carried into effect for the use and benefit of the public, it is fit, that the plaintiffs, instead of being left to a suit at law, in which relief in damages only could be obtained, should be entitled to the more adequate and complete remedy furnished by a court of equity, where the relative rights of the parties with their just limits and qualifications, may be declared and fixed, and under which the parties may enjoy specifically the very rights, immunities and franchises which the public intended to grant to them respectively with an ultimate view to the public benefit and accommodation. A suit at law would only enable the plaintiff corporation to recover and distribute a sum of money by way of damages for the violation of those rights, among the • members of that corporation, as individuals, but would not empower them to accomplish the specific public objects, for attaining which these franchises were conferred on them. If it be contended in answer to this suggestion, that by a recent statute, the court have power, where judgment is rendered in an action on the case for a nuisance, on motion, to award and issue a warrant to the sheriff or his deputy to abate and remove the nuisance at the expense of the defendant, in like manner as common nuisances are abated and removed, (St. 1828, c. 137, § 6,) we think it may be well replied, that this statute power is not equally adequate and beneficial. Under the statute, the power is to prostrate and remove only, whereas the decree of a court of equity may be modified and adapted to the case with a due regard to the rights of both parties, securing the rights oí the one, and diminishing as little as possible the advantages of the other. It may therefore be more beneficial for the defendants, as well as for the plaintiffs. — 527 — It is hardly necessary to add, that this view is taken on a demurrer to the plaintiffs’ bill, which admits, for the purpose of presenting the question of jurisdiction, that the plaintiffs have all the rights which they claim, and that all the grounds upon which the defendants claim to justify their proceedings, as warranted by the acts of the legislature, are untenable. We have not taken into consideration, and. for obvious reasons, upon this preliminary proceeding, could not consider the merits of the respective claims of the parties. 3. As to the last point, that the demurrer will be sustained on the ground that the lessees are not made parties to the bill, we think it is apparent that this affords no sufficient ground for a demurrer, unless it also appears that the persons indicated are necessary parties. It is not sufficient, that it may turn out upon further inquiry, that they have an interest. But we think this does not appear upon the,bill. The gravamen is, that the acts complained of tend to diminish and reduce the amount of the water power, which the plaintiffs are entitled to enjoy, and but for the works of ■‘.he defendants, would enjoy, under their grants. But it does not appear that the power will thereby be reduced to so low an amount as to prevent the lessees from enjoying that which has been granted to them, under their respective leases. The case of a lessee of land taken for public use, does not apply. A lease gives the lessee the enjoyment of the estate, for a term of time ; and this is necessarily impaired and taken away for such term, by appropriating the land to public use. Such lessee has a real interest, a proprietary title and ownership, for the time being, of the estate taken. But we are to understand from the statement in this bill, and the nature of the right granted, that it is the use of a certain quantity of water, out of a much larger quantity, from which it is taken, the residue of which remains to the lessors. As between lessors and lessees, therefore, the lessees are to be first fully served to the extent of the quantity granted, whether any thing remains to the lessors or not The substance of the complaint is, not the destruction but the diminution of the power. But it may be diminished, so as to — 528 — be greatly injurious to the plaintiffs, and yet there may he enough to satisfy the rights of the lessees, and if so, they have not necessarily an interest in the subject matter of the controversy. Should it appear in the further progress of the cause, that the lessees have an interest in the subject matter of the suit, there will then be time to make them parties. But at present, it not appearing that they are necessarily parties, the demurrer cannot be sustained on that ground. Demurrer overruled Footnotes [*] See Livingston v. Story, 9 Peters’s Supr. C. Rep. 633.