Carter v. Willard

Putnam J. delivered the opinion of the Court. The plaintiff claims the goods and chattels as a purchaser ; and the question is, whether what was done was equivalent to actual delivery ; or, in other words, whether there was a legal constructive delivery of the property. By the common law, a sale of goods and chattels is sufficient to transfer the property, as between the vendor and vendee, without any delivery. But there must be a delivery in order — 6 — to transfer the complete dominion to the vendee ; otherwise, a subsequent bona fide purchaser without notice, or an attaching creditor of the vendor, may take and hold the property. We propose to consider the question, first, as it relates to the property in the hotel and livery stable, and then, as it rentes to the property in the Mansion House. Was there a sufficient constructive delivery of the property in the hotel and livery stable, which were in the occupation of Damon ? There could not be an actual delivery, without violating the rights of the lessee. For he had a right to occupy the real estate, and to use and possess the furniture and other personal estate, until the termination of the lease. But there are various modes adopted by which a constructive delivery may be effected, having regard to the kind of property and its condition or situation. The property may consist of articles which are very bulky and heavy, as of blocks of stone, timber and other things, which are incapable of manual tradition. The case of Jewett v. Warren, 12 Mass. R. 300, furnishes an example. In that case, which relates to the sale of logs in the boom of a river, the vendor directed a witness to deliver them to the vendee ; and this was effectually done by showing them to him. The possession was taken by the eyes. So in Manton v. Moore, 7 T. R. 67, where a quantity of timber and other materials were lying on the premises of the vendee, the making of a bill of sale to the vendee and delivery of a halfpenny in lieu and in name of possession, was held to be a sufficient delivery. In this case, as in that first cited, the property was present before the parties. The delivery of the halfpenny could be considered in no other view than as an act of the parties indicating the intent on the part of the vendor, to give, and on the part of the vendee, to receive possession according to the sale. This last case would come within another rule, that sufferance will in some cases amount to a constructive delivery ; as, if the goods were lent to or deposited with one who afterwards should become the purchaser, the consent of the vendor, that the vendee should retain them for his own use, would establish the title. This is a practical and very convenient rule, borrowed front — 7 — the civil law. 61 Inter dum, etiarn sine traditionnuda voluntas domini sufficit ad rem transferendam; veluti si rem, quam tibi aliquis commodaverit, out locaverit, out apud te deposuerit, postea out vendiderit tibi, out donaverit, out dotis nomine dederit; quamvis enim ex ea causa tibi earn non tradiderit, eo tamen ipso, quad patitur tuam esse, statim tibi acquiritur proprietas, perinde ac si eo nomine tibi tradita /-lussei.” Inst. lib. 2, tit. 1, § 43. And it would seem an act of great and useless absurdity, that the parties should go through the ceremony of redelivering the property to the vendor, to the end that he should replace it in the hands of the vendee, where it was already. Ayl. Civ. Law, lib. 3, tit. 3, p. 297. And if the party had obtained the possession without any just means, the mere will of the true owner that the thing shall be his, is sufficient. “ Si velit dominus proprietalis quad sua sit, sua erit, quamvis possessio apud verum dominum non fuerit; Jingitur enim per voluntatem domini quad res quasi ex eo, et per manum suam, ad detentorem pervenerit, possessio et dominiumBract. lib. 2, c. 18,fol. 40,41. But it would not follow that the mere naked will of the owner should transfer the property which was in his possession, to the vendee. There must be a delivery. In Manton v. Moore, before cited, the court say, that upon the transfer of the property the law referred the possession to the vendee in whom the possession was before. So in De Ridder v. M'Knight, 13 Johns. R. 294, where a set of gristmill stones were left by the vendor on land of the vendee and in his possession, to be used as the vendee should please, it was held to be a sufficient delivery. Now it is contended for the plaintiff, that Carter & Andrews conveyed the hotel and livery stable to him and the Mansion House also, in 1833, before the attachment was made, and that the furniture and property afterwards sold being upon the premises of the plaintiff, passed without a delivery, according to the principles in the cases last before cited. But we think the facts will not warrant the argument. The plaintiff bought merely the right in equity to redeem the real estate, and he had not made any entry into the same, nor had the actual possession thereof, when the bill of parcels of the — 8 — goods and chattels was made to him. So the law could noi refer the possession of the goods and chattels to the plaintiff, because he had not the possession of the real estate when the bills of parcels were made. The reason upon which this doctrine of delivery rests is twofold : 1. That the vendee may have the entire control o the property; and 2. That there shall be some notoriety attending the act. The delivery of the keys of the warehouse wherein the goods are deposited, is a well known and familiar instance of a constructive delivery. They give to the vendee the means of controlling the property. This mode is derived from the civil law de traditione clavium. Inst. lib. 2, tit. 1, § 44 And the property is vested in the vendee as soon as the keys are delivered. But a qualified delivery of this kind (says Mr. Cullen) “ is not considered on the footing of a delivery by symbol merely, which certainly would not do, but as being the delivery of that by which the party may come at the property, as furnishing him with the means of reducing it into possession, as if there had been a transmutation of the possession.” Cul len on Bankruptcy, 304. This delivery of the keys of the store where the goods are, is potential and effectual; but a delivery of a straw as and for the goods themselves, when not present, would seem to be vain and nugatory. Ward v. Turner, 2 Ves. sen. 243. Where the goods are in the hands of a custodier or third party, to be kept for the use of the vendor, a notice to such "keeper by the parties, of the sale, is held to be a valid constructive delivery. Thus in Tuxworth v. Moore, 9 Pick. 347 where a person had a horse at a livery stable, and sold it to the plaintiff, and both the vendor and vendee informed the livery stable keeper of the sale, it was held to be a valid transfer against the creditor who afterwards attached it as the property of the vendor. This is a case somewhat analogous to the one at bar. And if the vendee, who has agreed for the purchase of goods, desires the vendor to keep them for the vendee, and the vendor accepts an order for that purpose, these transactions make a good delivery. Elmore v. Stone, 1 Taunt. 547. — 9 — So in Hollingsworth v. Napier, 3 Caines’s R. 182, the order upon the warehouse keeper to deliver the goods to the purchaser, was held to be a good constructive delivery, and the vendor had no right to stop the goods as being in transitu. There is an immense number of cases upon this subject, each however depending upon the particular circumstances attending it, where it has been held, that the property vests without an actual or manual tradition. As, if the vendee, with the consent of the vendor, should mark the goods, with intent to designate them for his own ; or, if the vendor should direct the vendee to take the goods away, and the vendee should put a keeper over them. Ayl. Civ. Law, 298. So, if the vendee, with the knowledge and assent of the vendor, should sell the goods and deliver the same to a third person. Stoveld v. Hughes, 14 East, 308; Chaplin v. Rogers, 1 East, 492. See also the very able summary of this branch of the law in 2 Kent’s Comm. (3d ed.) 491 et seq. There are cases, where the delivery of documentary evidence of property, so called, is considered as a delivery of the goods themselves ; as, where there is a bill of lading indorsed and delivered to the vendee. Rice v. Austin, 17 Mass. R. 205. This rule applies to the sale of ships at sea, or not at the place where the sale is made. The delivery of a bill of sale and muniments of the property, is an effectual delivery, subject indeed to be defeated by the omission of the vendee to take the actual possession as soon as he can be reasonably expected to do it. And if he does take such possession, he will hold against the assignees of the bankrupt vendor, and also against the attachments of the creditors which were made after the bill of sale and before the obtaining of the actual possession. Portland Bank v. Stacy, 4 Mass. R. 663; Atkinson v. Maling, 2 T. R. 462; Putnam v. Dutch, 8 Mass. R. 290; Abbott on Shipping (Story’s 2d ed.) 10; Badlam v. Tucker, 1 Pick. 389; Cullen on Bankruptcy, 304, 305. So of the delivery of the receipt or acknowledgment of one who has goods on storage for another. Chapman v. Searle, — 10 — 3 Pick. 45; Wilkes v. Ferris, 5 Johns R. 385; Caldwell v. Ball, 1 T. R. 205; Harman v. Anderson, 2 Campb. 243; Ryall v. Rolle, 1 Atk. 170. So where the purchasers left an order from the vendor with the wharfinger, to deliver the goods, it was held that he was bound to keep the property for the use of the vendee, subject indeed to any lien which the wharfinger might have upon the goods, but free from any claim of the assignees of the vendor. So, in the case at bar, the notice to Damon, of the sale to the plaintiff, is not to affect Damon’s right to use the goods according to his prior contract with the vendor. He has a right, as he said, “ to live up to his bargain.” But after notice he was bound to hold the property for the use of the vendee, subject indeed to his own prior right of occupying the same during the residue of the term of the lease. So dock warrants, which pass by assignment and delivery, represent the goods themselves. Lucas v. Dorien, 7 Taunt. 278. And the holder shall recover the goods notwithstanding there had not been any notice to or assent by the dock company. The warrant, indorsed and delivered, represented the goods and vested the property in the vendee, as if there had been an actual delivery. Zwinger v. Samuda, 7 Taunt. 265. So, in the case at bar, Damon’s assent to the sale was not neces-' sary. He had no legal right to prevent the vendor from transferring the right which he had to the goods, subject to Damon’s prior right. If this were otherwise, it would enable one man to exercise a power which he does not possess, over the property of another, to whom the right of disposal belongs. It would fetter and restrain the owner in regard to the beneficial use and appropriation of his property, and be greatly pre judicial to individuals as well as to the community. But, in the case at bar, notice of the transfer was in fact given to Damon both by the vendor and the vendee ; and the vendee treated the property as his own. He directed it to be held for his own use after the termination of Damon’s right under the lease. We are all satisfied that the bill of sale or parcels, and notice of the same by the parties to Damon, as stated in the report, — 11 — as to the property in the hotel and livery stable, do constitute a valid constructive delivery of the same, and that the plaintiff has a right to recover damages for the taking of the same. But in regard to the furniture in the Mansion House, which was in the possession of Mrs. Southwick, there was no notice of the sale given to her, nor any act done which can be construed to be a delivery, unless the giving of the bill of parcels shall of itself he considered as a delivery of the goods and chattels therein said to be sold. Now it cannot be considered as documentary evidence, for bills of parcels may be multiplied indefinitely ; but not so the documentary papers properly so called. This part of the case comes within the decision of Lanfear v. Sumner, 17 Mass. R. 110, cited at the bar. There the goods, at the time of the sale at Philadelphia, were supposed to be at sea, but were in truth at Boston ; and they were attached at Boston as the property of the vendor, before the vendee obtained possession of them. The vendee claimed under a bill of parcels ; and there was no bill of lading, invoice, or any documentary evidence ; but, as in the case at bar, a mere bill of parcels was made and delivered to the vendee ; which was held to be good as between the parties, but not complete as against the creditors of the vendor, interfering by an attachment before delivery. It has been contended for the plaintiff, that this doctrine is not consistent with Badlam v. Tucker, 1 Pick. 389, and Putnam v. Dutch, 8 Mass. R. 267, in which cases the title of the vendee was held to be valid notwithstanding an attachment was made by a creditor of the vendor, before the vendee obtained the possession. But the sale of ships and merchandise at sea, is governed by other rules than the sale of goods and chattels on shore, of which delivery can be made, and forms an exception to the general rule, that delivery must be made before the sale is valid as to the creditors of the vendor. It is" for the benefit of navigation and commerce ; and public policy requires, that by the delivery of the bill of sale of the ship, and of the documentary evidence of the merchandise, the property should instantly vest in the vendee, subject however to be divested, if the vendee should be guilty of loches in — 12 — not obtaining actual possession in a reasonable time. In those cases there were no such loches ; and the vendee’s title was held good against the attachment of the creditor of the vendor, which was made before the possession was obtained ; which possession, although taken subsequently to the attachment, related back to the time when the sale was made, and put the vendee upon the same ground as he would have been if actual possession had been given at the time of the sale. The case of Gardner v. Howland, 2 Pick. 602, it is said by the plaintiff’s counsel, is opposed to Lanfear v. Sumner, and the delivery of the bill of sale was held to be a valid symbolical delivery of the goods. But in that case the vendor delivered to the vendee, the duplicate invoice of the cargo, authenticated by the master. It was the only documentary evidence which the vendor had, and it was properly held to be a good symbolical delivery of the cargo. But in Lanfear v. Sumner, as we have before said, there was a mere bill of parcels, without any documentary evidence whatever, and no delivery before the attachment. It has been contended for the plaintiff, that there was no necessity for any delivery in the case at bar, as the vendor had merely a reversionary interest expectant upon the termination of the lease ; and so the property would pass in virtue of the bill of parcels, without any other delivery ; just as a chose in action or incorporeal hereditament would pass by the delivery of the instrument purporting to transfer the same. We think this argument is not well founded. The case presents the common qualification of property in chattels, where one has the present right of possession, and another the right of property ; each has a qualified property and remedy. But the sale must be accompanied by a delivery, in order to transfer the complete dominion. So far as the case regards the furniture in the Mansion House, we think it to be clear for the defendant. If we were to hold, that the delivery of the bill of parcels should be considered as a symbolical delivery of the goods and chattels specified therein, it would be an effectual dispensation of the rule of law which requires a delivery as an essential requisite in the sale of giods and chattels. — 13 — The judgment is to be for the plaintiff, according to the verdict, for the value only of the property in the hotel and stable.