Adams v. Nichols

Morton J. delivered the opinion of the Court. The detendants do not pretend, that they have executed their contract to build a house for the plaintiff, but contend that the facts disclosed furnish a legal excuse for not doing it. The general rule on this subject is laid down and well explained, in a note to Walton v. Waterhouse, 2 Wms’s Saund. 422. It is, that where the law imposes a duty upon any one, inevitable accident may excuse the non-performance ; for the law will not require of a party what, without any fault of his, he becomes unable to perform. But where the party by his agreement voluntarily assumes or creates a duty or charge upon himself, he shall be bound by his contract, and the non-performance of it will not he excused by accident or inevitable necessity ; for if he desired any such exception, he should have provided for it in his contract. This rule is recognized in Bullock v. Dommitt, 6 T. R. 650, and by this Court in Fowler v. Bott, 6 Mass. R. 63, and Phillips v. Stevens, 16 Mass. R. 238; and is nowhere called in question. Indeed, the defendants’ counsel expressly admit it; but contend that there are exceptions to it, and that this cáse comes within them. To show that there are [277] exceptions they rely on the case of Sprague v. Stevens, decided in this Court in 1825, and Seymour v. Brown, 19 Johns. R. 44. But these cases do not support the defendants’ view. They w7ere both deemed to be cases of bailment; in which, there being no negligence on the part of the bailee, the loss must fall on the bailor. The first was clearly a case of this description; and the other was assumed to be, (whether cor rectly or not, may well be doubted,) and on that assumption, was decided according to well settled principles. 2 Kent’s Comm. 463. It is not very material to consider whose property the house was, before its destruction. The principal defendant had contracted to build and finish a house on the plaintiff’s land. After the conflagration he might have proceeded under the contract, and if he had completed a house according to the terms of his agreement, the plaintiff would have been bound to per form his part of the stipulations. So, if, in any stage of its progress, he had seen fit to remove any part of the materials, and substitute others, if they were according to the terms of the contract, the plaintiff could not complain. They must therefore be deemed to be at his risk. And if he had not intended to incur this risk, he should otherwise have stipulated, in his agreement. Had the article to be made been a chattel, as a coach or a vessel, it is extremely clear that the materials, in the first place, and the article itself, in every stage of its manufacture, from its inception to its completion, would have been at the risk of the builder. Now it is not easy to perceive how it can make any difference in the construction or operation of the contract, that the thing manufactured was to be attached to the freehold. The two cases cited from our own reports, are much stronger than the one under consideration. In Fowler v. Bott, 6 Mass. R. 63, it was holden, that the covenant in a lease to pay rent, was operative and could be enforced, although the property leased consisted of buildings which were destroyed at any time during the term. And in Phillips v. Stevens, 16 Mass. R. 238, it was decided that the covenant in a lease of buildings, to keep them in repair, and at the expiration of the term, to surrender them in good condition, is imperative upon, the [278] lessee in all cases, and will bind him to rebuild in case the buildings are destroyed by fire or otherwise, without his fault. In these and similar cases, which seem hard and oppressive, the law does no more than enforce the exact contract entered into. If there be any hardship, it arises from the indiscretion or want of foresight of the suffering party. It is not the province of the law to relieve persons from the improvidence of their own acts. We are, on the whole, clearly of opinion, that the unfortunate casualty, which occurred in this case, did not relieve the defendant Nichols from his obligation to perform the contract, which he had deliberately entered into.' Nor can we perceive any evidence that the parties to the written agreement intended to waive it. It cannot be doubted, that if Nichols, after the fire, had proceeded under the contract and completed the house according to its provisions, the plaintiff would have been bound to execute his part of the contract. The alterations, or rather additions to the house, which were made by agreement of the parties, have no tendency to prove a waiver of the contract; much less the agreement for further alterations. It is not necessary to examine the question, whether a written contract may be waived by paroi. But ex-ecutory paroi agreements to vary or modify the terms of a written contract, are not operative to produce that effect. Executed paroi agreements stand on a different ground. In this contract the parties, after the destruction of the house, were bound by the original stipulations, and the plaintiff could not require the additional height to the wings, or the additional covering of the house, and the defendant Nichols could not be compelled to make them. The original contract remaining in force, and there being no legal excuse for not executing it, the defendants are liable for the damage which the plaintiff has sustained by the non-perform-once of it. The bond in suit being for the faithful performance of the contract, is clearly forfeited by the breach; and the plaintiff must have judgment against both the defendants, the surety as well as the principal. There must however be a hearing in equity. Judgment on the verdict.