Nichols v. Luce

Morton J. delivered the opinion of the Court. The defendants claim a way of necessity, across the locus in quo. The three different modes of acquiring and holding rights of way, in their origin resolve themselves into one. The distinction between them relates more to the mode of proof than to the source of the title. They are all derived from the voluntary grant of the proprietor of the fee. Prescription presupposes, and is evidence of a previous grant. Necessity [104] is only a circumstance resorted to for the purpose of showing the intention of the parties and raising an implication of a grant. And the deed of the grantor as much creates the way of necessity as it does the way by grant. The only difference between the two is, that one is granted in express words and the other only by implication. Quando aliquis aliquid concedit, concederé videtur et id sine quo res uti non potest. Thus when a man grants a close inaccessible except over his own and, he impliedly grants a right of passing over that land Otherwise the grantee could derive no benefit from the grant. The same rule of construction would govern a reservation out of lands granted. Co. Lit. 56 a; Liford's case, 11 Coke, 52 ; Lord Darcy v. Askwith, Hob. 234 ; Clark v. Cogge, Cro. Jac. 170 ; Howton v. Frearson, 8 T. R. 56; Morris v. Edgington, 3 Taunt. 23 ; Gayelty v. Bethune, 14 Mass. R. 55. It is not the necessity which creates the right of way, but the fair construction of the acts of the parties. No necessity will justify an entry upon another’s land. If a man can be supposed to hold land without any right of access to it, a grant of it would not convey to the grantee any right to pass over the adjoining land, however necessary it might be to the enjoyment of the thing granted. He would acquire nothing more than his grantor held. The estate would gain no accretion by passing from hand to hand. The necessities of the parties would add nothing to it. Dutton v. Tayler, 2 Lutw. 1487. But the true principle is, that nothing will pass, as incident to the grant, except it be necessary to the enjoyment of the principal thing granted. Hence the grantee of a close surrounded by the grantor’s land, is entitled only to a convenient way over the grantor’s land, and will have no right to pass over it wherever he pleases. He may select a suitable route for his way, but in doing it he must regard the interest and convenience of the owner of the land, and when he has done it, he will be confined to the same way and may not change its course according to his wishes or caprice. Russell v. Jackson, 2 Pick. 574 ; Jones v. Percival, 5 Pick. 485. Although generally a man can acquire, as incident to a grant, only one right of way to the same close, yet the same principle of necessity which raises the implication of one, may [105] extend it to two or more. Where a man should grant a tract of land surrounded by his own, so divided into parts by an impassable mountain, river or other barrier, as that there could be no passing from one part to the other, he would by necessary implication convey a right of way to each separate part, because without this some portion of the thing granted would be entirely useless to the grantee. But these implications of grants are looked upon with jealousy and construed with strictness. It is only the necessity of the case which will carry one way; and certainly the necessity must be not less strong to carry two. It is not pretended that the bluff across the defendants’ land is impassable ; but only that it is “ exceedingly difficult to pass it, and that it would be much more convenient to the defendants to pass ” over the plaintiff’s land. Here is no such necessity as will raise an implication of a grant of different ways from different parts of the defendants’ lot. Convenience, even great convenience is not sufficient. If the defendants, when they purchased, had desired a separate way for this small section of their lot, they should have stipulated for it and had it expressly inserted in their deed. With reference to the whole of the defendant’s lot, the proof offered was, that a different route was much more convenient and useful than the one in question, and this the defendants virtually conceded by consenting to be defaulted. That way, then, whether it had been adopted and established by previous use or not, must be deemed the defendants’ rightful and only way to and from their lot. Judgment on the default.