Crocker v. Thompson

Shaw, C. J. The dates and names mentioned in this case are so numerous and complicated, that there is great difficulty — 228 — in acquiring a full and discriminating comprehension of all the facts upon which the decision must depend. In the first place, it seems to us that the demandants have clearly shown a good prima facie title to the whole of the demanded premises. It appears that Jacob Thompson has lived on those premises, for the last fifteen years, except when dispossessed by the demandants ; and although one or more of his daughters usually lived with him, which might avail them, if they had a good title, as evidence of possession, to many purposes ; yet it shows their father also in possession. He was thus in possession in 1828, November 15th. On that day Darling conveyed the premises to Jacob Thompson in fee, and on the same day Thompson mortgaged them back to Darling. If Thompson had no title before, and took a title by force of this deed from Darling, the simultaneous deed back to Darling re-vested the conditional fee in him. Darling assigned the mortgage to the demandants, and they brought their action upon it, as such assignees, against Thompson, who was both mortgagor and tenant in possession, and obtained a conditional judgment. On his failure to perform the condition, they took their writ of seizin and entered and retained possession, except when unlaw fully trespassed upon by Thompson, more than three years, and so acquired a prima facie absolute title. This title must prevail, unless a better title is established, on the part of the tenant. This she attempts to do, by the conveyances given "n evidence. As she claims the estate in two parcels, under distinct titles, it will be necessary to examine the title to each parcel separately. And first as to the house and twelve acres. It appears that the whole of this estate was formerly the property of Jacob Thompson. On the 17th of April 1811, Jacob Thompson conveyed the house and twelve acres to Allen Richmond in fee. Richmond thus appears to have been the absolute owner for two years and more, when, on the 12th of October 1813, he mortgaged tne same to Thomas Darling. This, we are to presume, was a mortgage to secure the payment of a certain note f but it is not distinctly stated, except afterwards by implication. — 229 — In this state of things, Richmond was the mortgagor, and had an equity of redemption ; and Darling was mortgagee. The tenant then relies upon these facts : That Richmond’s equity of redemption was taken in execution, and by the officer sold to Abiel Washburn ; that afterwards a release was given by Washburn to Bradford Harlow; and that in 1832, Harlow conveyed, by release and quitclaim, to the four daughters of Jacob Thompson, of whom the surviving tenant is one. Suppose all these conveyances were regular, which we need not now stop to inquire, the tenant could only claim to have a right of redemption. Darling was mortgagee. His estate, as such, passed to Thompson by the conveyance of 1828, and through him to the demandants. Supposing the estate created by that original mortgage, from Richmond to Darling, to continue in force up to the time when Darling conveyed in fee to Thompson in 1828, then by- Thompson’s mortgage back to Darling and the assignment of the same mortgage to the demandants, they stand in the character of mortgagees, and the tenant — supposing she has established a regular title, by mesne conveyances, to the equity of redemption — in the character of mortgagor. But as between mortgagor and mortgagee, the former has no fee, no legal estate, but only an equitable right. In. a real action, where the legal title is in question, the mortgagor or his assignee cannot resist the title and claim of the mortgagee. But then it is contended, that the estate has been actually redeemed from the original mortgage of Richmond to Darling, and the title, created by that mortgage-deed, extinguished ; sc that what was, in its creation, a right of redemption, has become, by an actual redemption, a legal estate. This would be true, if such a discharge and extinguishment of the mortgage estate were proved. The ordinary mode of proving a redemption, is either 1st. by a release from the mortgagee, or his assignee, to the mortgagor, or his assignee in fact or in law, having a right to redeem ; or 2d. by a similar discharge on the margin of the registry of deeds ; or 3d. by a decree on a bill to redeem. Neither of these is offered on the present occasion. But a presumption isr — 230 — relied on. There is no legal presumption in the case. It must therefore be a presumption of fact, from the evidence. In the first place, it is not only not to be presumed that Richmond redeemed, but the contrary is manifest. His right of redeeming was the very thing sold ; it was this, and this only, which Washburn, Harlow and the tenant acquired. It was all they could acquire under an official deed, on a sale of the equity on execution. If he had then redeemed, he had a legal estate, snd this would not pass by the deed of the officer, simply because he would have no power to sell it. The tenant is estoppe'd to say that the original debtor, Richmond, paid his debt to Darling and redeemed. It is found that neither Washburn nor Harlow redeemed. But the conveyance from Harlow to Jacob Thompson’s daughters was not made till 1832, after the demandants had acquired the legal estate of Darling, and after they had in fact commenced their suit against the tenant in possession. But if there was no redemption till after 1828, as it is proved there was not, then Darling was the holder of the legal estate created by the first mortgage, when he made his deed to Thompson, and his legal estate, as such mortgagee, passed to Thompson, and, by Thompson’s mortgage back, again vested in Darling, and by his assignment afterwards came to the demandants. It is not intimated that either of Thompson’s daughters has ever redeemed of the demandants. What then is relied upon by the tenant, to prove such redemption ? We can perceive nothing but this ; that the production by the tenant, at the trial, of the original note of Richmond to Darling, to secure which the mortgage was given, raises a presumption that it was paid ; and if the note was paid, we must presume that the mortgage was discharged. Now the most which the production of the note by the tenant would have a tendency to prove, is, the actual payment of it by her, to some holder of it. But even payment of the debt secured by mortgage, after condition broken, especially to one who is not the holder of the mortgaged estate, does not defacto discharge the mortgage. Whatever effect, therefore, the fact — 231 — of such a payment might have in equity, on a bill to redeem, it does not disprove the legal title of the demandants. But without resting the decision upon this principle of law, which might be deemed technical, and not embracing the merits of the case, it may be more satisfactory to examine the circumstances, relied upon as raising the presumption of payment. In general it may be admitted that the production, by the mortgagor or those claiming under him, of a note secured by mortgage, will raise a presumption, in the absence of all other proof, that it has been paid. But this is a presumption of fact, not of law, and it will be rebutted by any other evidence. If the possession and production of the note can be satisfactorily accounted for, upon any other hypothesis than that of the pay ment of it to the holder, it will rebut such presumption. The note in question was the note of Allen Richmond to Thomas Darling, secured by this mortgage. The daughters of Jacob Thompson were under no obligation to pay that note, and had no authority to pay it, except as assignees of the mortgage, and for the purpose of redeeming. But it is impossible to believe that they volunteered to pay the note of a stranger, and for the purpose of redeeming the estate, unless they paid it to a lawful holder of the note and assignee of the mortgage, who could.give them a valid discharge upon such payment ; and it is equally incredible, that they should do this, under circumstances so extraordinary, without actually having a valid discharge executed. But it clearly appears that Darling, if he had not foreclosed, held the mortgage undischarged, till 1828 ; and the case assumes, that up to that time he held the note. Neither Washburn nor Harlow redeemed, and there is no evidence, and no pretence, that they paid the note. But they held the equity till 1832, and therefore the mortgage remained in Darling, undischarged, and the notes unpaid, until after Darling had conveyed to Thompson, and Thompson had immediately mortgaged back to Darling. If then the production of the note at the trial is proof of payment, it proves a payment by Thompson’s daughters themselves, or some of them, and not by either of their predecessors holding the equity ; and as no transfer of the note by Darling — 232 — to any body is shown or suggested, the presumption must go further and prove a payment of the note to Darling. But these women did not acquire the right of redeeming till 1832, after the estate liad been transferred by Darling to their father, who lived on the estate, by him mortgaged back to Darling, and by Darling conveyed by assignment to the demandants, and on which an action was then pending by the demandants against their father. The case involves the supposition that the note was paid, by the tenant and her sisters, who were under no obligation to pay it, for the purpose of redeeming, to Darling, who had no right in, and no power over, the estate to be redeemed ; that their only motive could be to obtain a discharge of the mortgage, and none was given, even in form. The improbability is more than enough to rebut any presumption of fact arising from the production of the note. But there are modes of accounting for the production of this note, supposing all the transactions to be genuine and bona fide as stated. The case supposes that Darling held this note of Richmond till 1828, fifteen years after it had become due. Now xj in this long period, there was ample time for Darling to foreclose, by an entry in pais and holding three years ; and if he did so, and the estate was equal in value to the note, the note was defacto paid by the land, and would become worthless, as the evidence of debt, and might well have been handed over by Darling to Thompson in 1828, when Darling conveyed the premises to Thompson in fee. But in that case, the right of redemption, under which alone the tenant could claim, was gone ; the mortgage from Richmond to Darling became- absolute, and passed, by the mesne conveyances before mentioned, to the demo Hants. It seems certain that Darling considered and treated the estate as his own, by conveying it in fee, without reference to the mortgage. But as he had no title originally, but as mortgagee, ne must have considered that the mortgage had become absolute by foreclosure, and of course that the debt secured by it was paid. Then if he considered the land as taken in satisfaction of the debt—whether he was right or wrong in the belief that — 233 — he had a right to treat it as his own, and convey it in fee —he had no longer any occasion or motive to retain the note ; and on con veying the estate to Thompson, and on taking back a new mort gage for the value, he would naturally give up the note to Thomp son as one of the muniments of this new title. If these notes were then delivered up by Darling to Jacob Thompson, it being [roved that the negotiations by which his daughters derive title were conducted by him, as they allege, in their behalf and as their agent, his possession of the note would satisfactorily account for the production of it on this trial, although it had not been paid, or paid only by the land. We are therefore satisfied that the fact is not proved, that this note has been paid by the tenant or her sisters, and it therefore becomes unnecessary to consider whether such presumption of payment would, under the circumstances, warrant a further presumption of the discharge of the mortgage, so as to avail the tenant as a defence to this action. The discharge purporting to be given by said Jacob Thompson, May 15th 1832, on the margin of the registry, of the said mortgage from Richmond to Darling, can have no effect to give a legal title to the tenant, or turn her right in equity into a legal estate ; for if the conveyance of Darling to him, in 1828, could be construed to be an assignment of the mortgage to him, as it might be, if it was then open and not foreclosed ; yet he immediately mortgaged back to Darling, and had no legal in terest in the estate, when he thus attempted to discharge the mortgage. But it tends to show, that he then claimed to be such assignee, and to hold the note in that capacity, and so to account for his possession of it. In regard to the other part of the demanded premises, the circumstances vary a little, but the result is the same. Jacob Thompson, owning the premises in July 1812, mortgaged the same to Benjamin Parsons in fee, and in December 1814, Parsons assigned this mortgage to the same Thomas Darling. The mortgage was held by Darling till 1828. All the reasoning which applies to the former case applies a fortiori to this parcel Thompson was himself the debtor, and upon the case assumed, Darling held his note in 1828. Would he have conveyed the — 234 — estate absolutely to Thompson himself, the debtor, without payment of the note secured by it ? Or, would Thompson have taken the estate incumbered with the old mortgage, as it must be, if he left the note unpaid, and gave a new mortgage for the value ? We much doubt whether the production of the note in this case raises any presumption of payment by Thompson’s daughters. We rather think the presumption is, that when the new mortgage was given, the old note was given up, as being satisfied by the foreclosure of the mortgage. If the tenant insists that in 1828, at the time of the transaction between Darling and Thompson, she, or those under whom she claims, and not her father, had the right to redeem, and so that the payment of the note by him, and the discharge of the mortgage, operated so as to vest the absolute estate in his daughters ; we think the answer is plain, that the deed, then made from Darling to Thompson, does not purport to be the discharge of a mortgage, nor does it manifest any intent of the parties that it shall so operate. It was in fact and in form a deed in fee, and it appears that eo instanti Thompson gave back a mortgage in fee to Darling. Both deeds took effect at the same time ; the seizin was but for a moment, and then by the well settled rule of law, the same estate, which was conveyed by Darling to Thompson, was reconveyed by Thompson to Darling. If this was an absolute estate, it was because the old mortgage was foreclosed and vested an absolute estate in Darling, and then the equity of redemption under that mortgage was gone. If it was a redeemable estate, then the same conditional estate revested in Darling, and passed through his grantees to the demandants. It would, therefore, be as much i violation of the rules of law, as of the plain and manifest intentions of the parties, so to construe this transaction, as to give any effect to one of these deeds which is not given to the other, (t revested in Darling the same estate which he had before, vhether absolute under the mortgage foreclosed, or redeemable, is holding ,under a mortgage still open. In the last case, the most favorable view for the tenant is, that the mortgage is still open, and that she has still a right to redeem. But were it so, she could not have a bill in equity to redeem, without paying the — 235 — assignees of the mortgage, (who are now the demandants,) the amount of the original mortgage of Thompson ; and in no event can she maintain or defend a real action against the holders of the legal estate, until after an actual redemption. It therefore becomes unnecessary to examine the numerous objections to the tenant’s title, which certainly shows, on the face of it, many infirmities. Judgment for the demandants.