Carey v. Berkshire Railroad

Metcalf, J. These actions raise a new question in oui jurisprudence. No case was cited, at the argument, in which a like action had been the subject of adjudication, or even of discussion. The case of Huggins v. Butcher, 1 Brownl. 205, and Yelv. 89, was referred to, where there is a dictum of Tanfield, J., in which Fenner and Yelverton, Js., are said to have concurred, that “ if one beat the servant of J. S. so that he die of that beating, the master shall not have an action against the other, for the battery and loss of service, because the servant dying of the extremity of the beating, it is now become an offence against the crown, and turned into felony, and this hath drowned the particular offence, and prevails over the wrong done to the master, and his action by that is gone.” This doctrine is also found in most of the digests and abridgments of the English law. But whatever may be the mean [478] ing or legal effect of the maxim, that a trespass is merged in a felony, it has no application to the cases now before us. In neither of them was the killing felonious, and there is, therefore, no felony, in which a private injury can merge. If these actions, or either of them, can be maintained, it must be upon some established principle of the common law. And we might expect to find that principle applied in some adjudged case in the English 'books; as occasions for its application must have arisen in very many instances. At the least, we might expect to find the principle stated in some elementary treatise of approved authority. None such was cited by counsel ; and we cannot find any. This is very strong evidence, though not conclusive, that such actions cannot be supported But it is not necessary to rely entirely on this negative evidence. For we find it adjudged, in Baker v. Bolton & others, 1 Campb. 493, that,the death of a human being is not the ground of an action for damages. In that case, the plaintiff brought an action against the proprietors of a stage coach, which was overturned while he and his wife were travelling in it, whereby he was much bruised, and his wife so severely hurt, that she died about a month after. The declaration alleged, besides other special damage, that “ by means of the premises, the plaintiff had wholly lost and been deprived of the comfort, fellowship and assistance of his said wife, and had from thence hitherto suffered and undergone great grief, vexation and anguish of mind.” Lord Ellenborough held, that the jury could take into consideration only the bruises which the plaintiff had sustained, and the loss of his wife’s society, and the distress of mind he had suffered on her account, from the time of the accident to the time of her death. And he announced the principle of his decision, in these words: “In a civil court, the death of a human being cannot be complained of as an injury.” Such, then, we cannot doubt, is the doctrine of the common law; and it is decisive against the maintenance of these actions. We are aware of the case of Ford v. Monroe, 20 Wend. 210, in which the plaintiff, in an action tried before Cowen, J,, [479] recovered damages for the negligence of the defendant’s servant, in driving a carriage over the plaintiff’s son, ten years old, and thereby-killing him. One grormd of damage, alleged in the declaration, was the loss of the son’s service for the period of eleven years; and the jury were instructed, that the plaintiff was entitled to recover such sum as the service of the son would have been worth, until he became twenty-one years of age. The case went before the whole court on a motion for a new trial; but no question was there raised, concerning the' legal right of the plaintiff to recover damages caused by the killing of his son. For aught that appears in the report, that point was assumed, and passed sub silentio, both at the trial and in bank. The English parliament, by a very recent statute, (9 and 10 Vict. c. 93,) have provided, that whenever the death of a person shall be caused by a wrongful act, neglect or default, which would, if death had not ensued, have entitled the party injured to maintain an action to recover damages in respect tnereof, the person, who would have been liable, if death had not ensued, shall be liable to an action for damages, notwithstanding the death of the person injured shall have been caused under such circumstances as amount in law to felony • such action to be brought within twelve calendar months after such death, by and in the name of the executor or administrator of the person deceased, and to be for the benefit of the wife, husband, parent and child of the persons whose death shall have been so caused; and in such action the jury may give such damages, as they may think proportioned to the injury, resulting from such death, to the parties, respectively, for whose use such action shall be brought. And by our St. of 1840, c. 80, if the life of any passenger shall be lost by the negligence or carelessness of the proprietors of a railroad, steamboat, stage coach, &c., or of their servants or agents, such proprietors shall be liable to a fine, not exceeding five thousand dollars, nor less than five hundred dollars, to be recovered by indictment, to the use of the executor or admin- ° istrator of the deceased person, for the benefit of his widow and heirs [480] These statutes are framed on different principles, and for different ends. The English statute gives damages, as such, and proportioned to the injury, to the husband or wife, parents and children, of any person whose death is caused by the wrongful act, neglect or default of another person; adopting, to this extent, the principle on which it has been attempted to support the present actions. Our statute is confined to the death of passengers carried by certain enumerated modes of conveyance. A limited penalty is imposed, as a punishment of carelessness in common carriers. And as this penalty is to be recovered by indictment, it is doubtless to be greater or smaller, within the prescribed maximum and minimum, according to the degree of blame which attaches to the defendants, and not according to the loss sustained by the widow and heirs of the deceased. The penalty, when thus recovered, is conferred on the widow and heirs, not as damages for their loss, but as a gratuity from the commonwealth. We believe that by the civil law, and by the law of France and of Scotland, these actions might be maintained. If such a law would be expedient for us, it is for the legislature to make it. In the first of these actions, the exceptions are overruled; in the second, the plaintiff is to be nonsuit.