Cobb v. New England Mutual Marine Insurance

The decision was made at March term 1857. Thomas, J. Both of these policies cause the plaintiffs to be insured, “ for whom it concerns,” payable in case of loss to the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs were authorized to insure for the owners of the barque, and the suits were brought for their benefit. 1. The defendants say that, being a mutual company, they were not competent in law to insure persons having no interest in the property insured; for that without such interest the plaintiffs could not become members of the company. We have examined the act of incorporation and by-laws of the defendants, and have discovered no such limitation of their power. The ground upon which the matter is put by the learned counsel for the defendants is, that such an insurance would not confer upon the office a right to deduct from the amount of the loss what might be due from the owner of the property from other transactions. It is sufficient for the present case to say that no such exigency is shown to exist. — 198 — But if it did, and the owners of the vessel insured adopted and sanctioned the contract, as they would by bringing their suit upon it, there would seem to be no practical difficulty in making the adjustment, and nothing, in the existence of a provision for it, to impair the validity of the contract. 2. The defendants further say that the policies never attached; that the first policy was, by its terms, to attach upon a subsequent event, to wit, upon the barque’s being waterborne; and that, in point of fact, she was waterborne the day before the execution of the policy. The policy was executed at Boston on the 15th of November. The vessel was waterborne the 14th of November. The policy causes the plaintiffs-to be insured, “ lost or not lost, ten thousand dollars on the Barque Esperanza, building at Perry, to take effect as soon as waterborne.” It is difficult to see why the policy which caused the barque to be insured, “ lost or not lost,” did not take effect from the time when she was waterborne. It was a barque in the process of construction. The insured, apparently not knowing the exact time she would be launched, provides for her insurance from and after that time, “ as soon as waterborne.” Be this as it may, the barque was waterborne when the policy was executed, and as the policy was to take effect as soon as she was waterborne, it took effect at once. This is so, unless there be greater force in the second reason given by the defendants why neither of the policies attached; which is, that the voyage underwritten was a “ voyage at and from Perry,” and that the barque never sailed from Perry as a finished vessel. The fact is so; and if this be the true construction of the contract there is an end of the case, unless the subsequent conduct of the defendants was a waiver of the objection. It appeared in evidence that Perry was on the Fiver St. Croix, three miles above Eastport; and that vessels were usually taken to Eastport to be rigged and equipped for sea. The policy, then, is upon a barque at Perry in process of construction, to take effect as soon as waterborne, and “ at and from — 199 — Perry, with liberty to proceed to Calais,” (up the river about twenty three miles,) of which liberty she did not avail herself ■ “ and to stop at Eastport, and at and thence to a southern port,” &c. The vessel was launched at Perry; she was thence towed to Eastport and rigged and equipped for sea; and from Eastport she sailed in a seaworthy condition for New York. The court instructed the jury, that it was not necessary for the plaintiffs to show that, when the barque left Perry, she was seaworthy for the voyage to New York; that the first policy was to attach and take effect when the vessel was waterborne; that the parties must have understood that, after she was launched, further labor and materials would be necessary to fit her for her voyage to New York; that if the barque was in a condition to be towed safely to Eastport, it was a compliance with the implied condition of seaworthiness, so far as proceeding to Eastport was concerned; and that if, upon her arrival at Eastport, she was equipped and made seaworthy for the voyage to New York, the duty of the plaintiffs in this regard was discharged. We think the construction given to the contract, in these instructions, was sorrect. The defendants rely upon the want of seaworthiness. They say the barque was not seaworthy at Perry; that she never sailed from Perry as a finished vessel. She did not "sail from Perry as a finished vessel; nor from the contract, viewed in the light of the surrounding facts, could it have been expected that she should. But she was seaworthy, in the sense that she was fit for the service in which she was for the time engaged. She was in a fit condition at Perry to go to Eastport in the usual way; she was in a fit condition before she left Eastport to go to New York. The question is, whether the facts show a compliance with the implied warranty of seaworthiness. We think they do ; that, though the precise point is not found to have been determined, such is the reasonable result, both as matter of principle and of auth nity. The requisites for seaworthiness, it is obvious to remark, — 200 — depend upon the nature of the risk or service to which the vesse. is to be put; seaworthiness for lying in port, or for navigating a river or canal, being in degree, if not in kind, a very different thing from seaworthiness for a long voyage on an open sea. 1 Phil. Ins. § 720. M’Lanahan v. Universal Ins. Co. 1 Pet. 170. Annen v. Woodman, 3 Taunt. 299. In the recent case of Small v. Gibson, Mr. Baron Parke (now Lord Wensleydale) says: “ It is enough to satisfy the terms of the assumed implied condition, that the vessel is fit for navigation, if at sea or on a river, or on the point of setting sail on either, or that she is in such a state of physical safety in a port, preparing for a voyage, as to enable her to be in reasonable security till she should be repaired and equipped for it; and in order to constitute a breach of the condition both these alternatives must be negatived.” 16 Ad. & El. N. R. 152. “ There are,” says Mr. Arnould, “ in fact, degrees of seaworthiness; seaworthiness for the voyage is one thing; and seaworthiness in port, or for an inland navigation, &c., quite another.” “ What that degree of seaworthiness is, which is requisite to make a policy at and from ’ attach upon a ship while in port, has nowhere been very accurately laid down. Generally speaking, it may be said that, under such a policy a ship will be sufficiently seaworthy to give an inception to the risk, if she be in such a state, while ‘ at’ the port, as to be capable of being moved from one part of the harbor to another for the purpose of repair, and of being moved alongside its wharves or quays there in order to take in a cargo.” 1 Arnould Ins. 671. See also Annen v. Woodman, 3 Taunt. 299; 3 Kent Com. (6th ed.) 289; Taylor v. Lowell, 3 Mass. 331; Merchants’ Ins. Co. v. Clapp, 11 Pick. 56. It is also familiar law that seaworthiness is to be measured by the standard in the ports of the country to which the vessel belongs, rather than by that in the ports or country where the insurance is made. 3 Kent Com. 288. Tidmarsh v. Washington Fire & Marine Ins. Co. 4 Mason, 439. So the contract is presumed to be made with reference to the usages of the place to which the contract has reference ; in this case, that it was usual to take vessels built at Perry to Eastport, — 201 — to be rigged and equipped for sea. 1 Phil. Ins. § 141. Macy v. Whaling Ins. Co. 9 Met. 354. The first policy, then, attached, because it was upon a vessel not finished, a vessel in process of construction; and because, when removed from Perry to Eastport, she was in a condition of security for that purpose or service ; and when she sailed from Eastport to New York, she was seaworthy for that service. The same principles apply, perhaps with not the same degree of force, to the second policy. Though the policy was effected after the barque had left Perry, it was clearly intended to cover the same risk as the first, with the difference only, that the barque was, at the time the second policy was issued, waterborne. But, within the principles before stated, the barque was not at any time unseaworthy ; that is, she was not.unfit for the service to which she was put. The remarks of Mr. Baron Parke in the case of Dixon v. Sadler are directly applicable. “ If the assurance attaches before the voyage commences, it is enough that the state of the ship be commensurate to the then risk; and if the voyage be such as to require a different complement of men, or state of equipment, in different parts of it, as if it were a voyage down a canal or river, and thence across the open sea, it would be enough if the vessel were, at the commencement of each stage of the navigation, properly manned and equipped for it.” 5 M. & W. 414. We think this is a just statement of the -rule applicable to these policies. It is the rule given to the jury. The plaintiffs could not recover, unless the vessel, when she left Perry, was in a fit condition to be removed to Eastport; nor unless, when she left Eastport, she was in a fit condition to go to New York. The defendants say, the terms of the second policy import a finished vessel, and that as such she was to leave Perry. Such certainly is not the necessary meaning of its words ; and when the words are applied to the subject matter, and interpreted by the light of the surrounding facts; when we ascertain that this is a barque upon which, six weeks before, the defendants issued a policy as then in process of construction, to take effect when waterborne; when we go to Perry, and see what and where it — 202 — is, and its relation to Eastport, and the usage as to vessels built at the former place as connected with the latter; that is, when we put ourselves in the situation of the parties, and look at the contract from their standpoint, such does not appear to be the necessary or the reasonable interpretation of its language. Nor do the authorities relied upon by the defendants, to show that the policies did not attach, sustain the position. Hull v. Cooper, 14 East, 479, decides, that if a ship be insured at and from a place where she is not in fact at the time, but arrives there after some interval, it is a question for the jury whether the delay which intervened materially varied the risk. Lord Ellenborough said : “ When a broker proposes a policy to an underwriter on a ship at and from a certain place, it imports either that the ship is there at the time, or shortly will be there ; for if she is only to be there at a distant period, that might materially increase the risk.” This is doubtless good law; but we fail to perceive its just application to policies, the one of which is, in terms, upon a vessel then building, and the second, if regarded as an insurance upon a voyage only, was upon a voyage the first stage of which was performed when the policy was effected, and where the contract could only import that the vessel had been there before the voyage was commenced. The defendants refer to the work of Mr. Phillips, which states that “ insurance at or from a port can commence only at such port, and such places as are comprehended as part of it, or at a place at which, by usage, goods insured from the place named are loaded.” 1 Phil. Ins. § 931. It is difficult to see the bearing of this familiar principle upon the case at bar. This insurance commenced at Perry. The barque had liberty to proceed to Eastport, and she went to Eastport in a condition of security, and as vessels usually proceed from Perry to Eastport, and from Eastport proceeded to New York in a condition found by the jury to be seaworthy. Mellish v. Allnutt, 2 M. & S. 106, decided that a policy of insurance on goods and ship at and from Gottenburg to the ship’s port of discharge, “ beginning the adventure upon the said goods from the loading thereof aboard the said ship,” did not cover goods — 203 — loaded from an anterior port. If the case at bar had been on policies at and from Eastport, the authority might have been pertinent. But in the case at bar, the policies, in terms, cover the barque at and from Perry, as well as at and from Eastport. The three cases in the second volume of Taunton’s Reports, Payne v. Hutchinson, Constable v. Noble, and Spitta v. Woodman, are substantially to the same point as Mellish v. Allnutt. Park v. Hammond, 6 Taunt. 495, is to the same effect as the section from the work, of Phillips, and is in fact cited by him in support of his position. In Paddock v. Franklin Ins. Co. 11 Pick. 227, a policy, “ lost or not lost, on cargo on board the Ship Tarquín, now on a whaling voyage in the Pacific Ocean, during her stay and until her return,” “ beginning the adventure upon the cargo as aforesaid,” was held to relate back to the commencement of the voyage, so as to cover any loss which happened at any time anterior to the date of policy. The doctrine stated in that case, as to what is necessary to satisfy the implied warranty of seaworthiness, is exactly that upon which we have proceeded. 11 Pick. 232. In Martin v. Fishing Ins. Co. 20 Pick. 389, where a vessel was insured “ at and from Calais, Maine, on the 16th day of July at noon, to, at and from all ports and places to which she may proceed in the coasting business, for six months,” it was held, that the policy attached, though there wks no evidence that the vessel was at or prosecuting her voyage from Calais on the day named; it appearing that the intent was to insure on time. Whether, after having taken the barque upon the abandonment, and proceeded to repair her, the question of the capacity of the defendants to enter into the contract, and the question whether the policies ever attached, would be still open to the defendants, may well be doubted. But if open, they cannot, we think, prevail. 3. The other grounds of defence have caused less embarrassment. To show that the defendants have funds applicable to the payment of the loss, and that a demand has been made for — 204 — their application before the fact of the loss is legally estafo» lished, before it is made to appear that the plaintiffs will ever be interested in such funds, cannot be necessary. It will be time to determine what funds of the company are applicable to the payment of the loss, when that loss has been ascertained by the judgment of a competent tribunal. 4. The invalidity of the condition requiring the assured to submit the question of loss to arbitration seemed to have been settled, and upon grounds of public policy, which the contraer of the parties could not control. Kill v. Hollister, 1 Wils. 129. Thompson v. Charnock, 8 T. R. 139. Goldstone v. Osborn, 2 Car. & P. 550. Robinson v. Georges Ins. Co. 17 Maine, 131. Gray v. Wilson, 4 Watts, 39. 1 Arnould on Ins. 1245. 2 Story on Eq. § 1457. The recent cases, however, of Scott v. Avery, 8 Exch. 487, and 5 H. L. Cas. 811, Livingston v. Ralli, 5 El. & Bl. 132, and Russell v. Pellegrini, 6 El. & Bl. 1020, may possibly lead to some revision and qualification of the doctrine as heretofore understood. In the case at bar, the acts of the defendants, in taking possession of the vessel and proceeding to repair her, with the view thus to make good the loss, must be deemed a waiver of the submission to arbitration. The exercise of this right and powei was inconsistent with any arbitration to determine the extent of the loss, and precluded the plaintiffs from resorting to it. Judgment on the verdict.