Swain v. Mizner

Nelson, C. J. instructed the jury “ that if the plaintiff had proved to their reasonable satisfaction that he had the rightful and exclusive control and possession of a portion of the house, and had also forbidden and endeavored to prevent the entrance of the defendant, then the defendant would have no right violently to break and enter against the plaintiff’s will, although he was an officer and had legal process which he was endeavoring to serve, and although he had, without the knowledge of the — 183 — plaintiff, and without breaking, got an entrance into the outer door of this common house and building.” J. F. Clarke, for the defendant, cited Lee v. Gansel, Cowp. 1; Ilsley v. Nichols, 12 Pick. 270. W. W. Winthrop, for the plaintiff, cited Oystead v. Shed, 13 Mass. 520 ; Ilsley v. Nichols, 12 Pick. 270 ; Crocker on Sheriffs, § 318; Sewell on Sheriffs, 110 ; Gwynne on Sheriffs, 103 ; Stedman v. Crane, 11 Met. 295; The King v. Trapshaw, 1 Leach, (4th ed.) 427; The King v. Rogers, 1 Leach, 89 ; The King v. Carrell, 1 Leach, 237; 1 Hale P. C. 557; 1 Russell on Crimes, (7th Amer. ed.) 817 & seq.; 4 Bl. Com. 225 ; 3 Inst. 65 ; Tracy v. Talbot, 6 Mod. 214, and 3 Salk. 260 ; Lee v. Gansel, Cowp. 1; Colby’s Pract. 127. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff, and the defendant alleged exceptions. The decision was made at March term 1858. Merrick, J. That an officer cannot break the outer door of a dwelling-house to make an attachment of the owner’s goods, or to arrest the person of the debtor, or to execute civil process generally, is a doctrine as well established as any in the books ; and has been distinctly recognized as the law of this commonwealth. Semayne v. Gresham, Yelv. (Amer. ed.) 29 & note (1). Oystead v. Shed, 13 Mass. 520. Ilsley v. Nichols, 12 Pick. 270. This is not controverted by the defendant; nor does he place his defence upon anything in opposition to this principle; but solely upon a denial of the fact that the door, which was broken by him in order to make the attachment which constitutes the grievance complained of, was the outer door of the plaintiff’s dwelling-house. But upon the facts disclosed in the bill of exceptions, we think that the portion of the building occupied by the plaintiff, distinct from the hall, entry and stairway leading to it, did constitute what must be considered in law his dwelling-house. The whole structure appears never to have been designed as a tenement for a single family, but was so constructed as to afford separate and distinct habitations for several persons. Thus the plaintiff occupied all the rooms on one floor of the building, and the hall or — 184 — entry through which he passed to reach either of the doors opening into any of the apartments occupied by him was used as a common passage way for all the tenants of the several portions of it. It would seem to make no difference whatever may be the character or peculiarity of the common passage by which access to a dwelling-house is attained; whether it is a public or a private way; or whether it leads from one street to another, or only into a place or court to which there is but a single entrance; or whether it is an open street, or a way inclosed by buildings and covered with a roof. In the present instance, the hall, entry and stairway served as a common and public passage way for many occupants of entirely distinct habitations. All the right, to which the plaintiff or any other of the tenants of the different parts of the building in this common passage way was entitled, was the right of using it for that purpose in the enjoyment of the tenements which they severally possessed. The apartments occupied by the plaintiff constituted, in and of themselves, a complete habitation for himself and his family. He had the sole and exclusive use and possession of them, as completely as if they stood separate and apart from everything else, and were in any other distinct structure. The privilege which the law allows to a man’s habitation clearly ought to attach to apartments so situated. It arises from the great regard which the law has for every man’s safety and quiet; and therefore it protects him from those inconveniences which must necessarily attend an unlimited power in the sheriff and his officers in this respect. Bac. Ab. Sheriff, N. 3. And this reason shows that the principle of law which gives protection to dwelling-houses has no reference whatever to their quality, construction or magnitude, but is solely for the purpose of ensuring the quiet convenience and security of those who inhabit and dwell in them. Domestic security and peace would be equally disturbed by violence in breaking the doors and forcing an entrance into a dwelling-house, whether it should consist of the entire portions of a building, or of separate and distinct apartments within it. Nor can the fact that there were several doors leading from — 185 — the common passage way into the different apartments occupied by the plaintiff lead to a different conclusion. For although it was said by Lord Mansfield in Lee v. Gansel, Cowp. 1, that the having of four outer doors would lead to the grossest absurdity, since the greatest house in London has but one, that is not the manner in which, according to our prevailing habits and modes of living, our dwelling-houses are here constructed Many might undoubtedly be found here having four, and it would perhaps be difficult to find a house of any moderate degree of pretension which has less than two outer doors. While all the doors opening into any of the apartments occupied by the plaintiff are closed, each of them may be considered, and must be treated, as an outer door. They are all necessary to protect the habitation from the intrusion of those who have no license to enter it. Whether an officer, who had lawfully passed through one of them, might afterwards, for the purpose of completing the service of his process, treat the others as inner doors, need not now be considered, because no such question arises upon the facts reported. The complaint against the defendant is confined to the breaking open of one of the doors, before he had obtained an entrance into any part of that portion of the building which was in exclusive occupation of the plaintiff. The defendant contends that the door constructed and used for closing the entrance from the street or public highway into the common hall or entry of the building is to be considered the only outer door of the plaintiff’s dwelling-house; that is to say that his house consisted of the apartments occupied by him and of the hall and entry used by him as a passage way in common with the tenants of all the other parts of the building. But this latter fact is by no means shown. On the contrary, these appear to have constituted no part of his tenement. He had an easement in them only, in common with others, who all equally enjoyed the like privilege for the purpose of gaining access to ¿their respective tenements. Reliance is placed with much confidence by the defendant on the case of Lee v. Gansel, above cited, as a decisive authority against the position of the plaintiff, that the apartments in the — 186 — building in which the alleged trespass was committed, constL tuted his dwelling-house. But the facts in the two cases are quite dissimilar, and therefore the same conclusion is not necessarily to be deduced from each of them. From the statement of facts in the former case it appears that Gen. Gansel was a mere lodger in hired apartments in the house of Mayo, who was at the same time dwelling in it; that the apartments thus hired were in no way connected together, but were upon different floors ; and that he had only a right in the kitchen, which clearly imports that he had no exclusive possession of the premises of which, to a certain extent, he had the use and enjoyment. But this plaintiff was a housekeeper and not a lodger only. He was tenant of the apartments which he occupied; they were all on the same floor, and substantially connected together as a single tenement; he had the sole and exclusive possession of them; and in conducting and maintaining his domestic establishment he had no connection with or dependence upon the owner or the occupant of any other part of the building in which he resided. His tenancy resembles that of the occupants of chambers in the inns or court, and in colleges, opening upon a common staircase, which are conceded to be the dwelling-houses of those who live in them. But further than this, it is distinctly stated by Lord Mansfield, that if that which was one house originally comes to be divided into separate tenements, and there is a distinct outer door to each tenement, they will be separate houses. But without enlarging upon these considerations or seeking for any peculiar principles upon which the plaintiff’s action may be maintained, we" think it is clear that upon the precise facts stated in the bill of exceptions the apartments in the building, embracing all the rooms on one of its floors, which were hired by the plaintiff and occupied by him with his family as a separate and distinct tenement, constituted, while he was in such possession- and use of them, his dwelling-house ; and that it was therefore entitled to the privilege and protection which the law affords to the habitations of men. Exceptions overruled