Dunlap v. International Steamboat Co.

Bigelow, C. J. We are of opinion that the provisions of the U. S. St. of 1851, c. 43, § 2, on which the defendants rely in bar of these actions, do not apply to contracts entered into with masters or owners of vessels for the carriage by water of passengers with their luggage. The manifest design of the statute was to restrict the liability of common carriers by water of certain kinds of goods and merchandise. In regard to these it changes the rule of the common law. For this reason, its provisions are not to be extended by implication. Giving to the phraseology of the statute its fair and full meaning, without enlarging it by construction, it indicates quite clearly that its fram"rs intended to embrace only that class of contracts where goods are shipped and laden on board of vessels to be transported as freight, for which bills of lading are usually given by the carrier and received by the shipper, and form the evidence of the terms on which the contract of carriage is to be performed. The contracts on which the plaintiffs rely are not within the provisions of the statute. On this point the ruling at the trial was right. On careful consideration of the instructions embraced in the defendants’ prayer and those given by the court to the jury, we are led to the conclusion that neither of them contained a correct statement of the rules of law applicable to the facts in proof. It was shown at the trial, and on this part of the case there was — 376 — no controversy between the parties, that there was but a single article of luggage delivered to the defendants ; that this was a valise such as is commonly used by travellers for the transportation of wearing apparel and other personal effects; that the whole of its contents, except a portion of the money contained in it, belonged to one of the plaintiffs, by whom it was delivered to the defendants’ agent, and that the other plaintiff had no valise or trunk, and no wearing apparel or other articles of personal use in his possession or keeping, except such as were on his person when he went on board. In this state of the evidence, the question arises as to the extent of the defendants’ liability for the loss of the valise. It is conceded that they are responsible in damages to the plaintiff who owned the valise, for the value of the wearing apparel and the other articles of personal use contained in it, and also for such an amount of money therein as was sufficient to defray his travelling expenses on the journey which he had undertaken. The controversy is as to their further liability for the residue of the money contained in the valise. To determine this question, it is necessary to recur to a few established principles of law. In the first place, it is perfectly well settled that a carrier of passengers is not liable, at all events other than those arising from the act of God or the public enemy, for money contained in the luggage of a traveller, beyond a sum reasonably sufficient for the payment of the travelling expenses of the person to whom it belongs. Jordan v. Fall River Railroad Co. 5 Cush. 69. In the next place, it is also a fixed rule of law, founded on reasons of justice and sound policy, that a person cannot be allowed to recover damages for a loss to which his own fraud or negligence has contributed. This principle was early held to be especially applicable to actions against carriers, and has always been deemed to be a reasonable restriction on their general liability for loss of property intrusted to them. The application of this rule to contracts of carriage which are affected by the fraud of the owner of property intrusted to a carrier is this: Inasmuch as the care to be exercised in the transportation of property, and the reasonable compensation for its carriage, must necessarily depend on its — 377 — nature and value, it is the duty of every person who enters into a contract with a carrier to make use of no fraud or artifice to deceive or mislead him so that the risk which he intends to assume may be increased, or his care and diligence may be lessened, in consequence of deception or concealment practised upon him. If any such fraud or unfair concealment is made use of, the effect is, in case of loss, that the owner can recover only such sum as would be equivalent to the value of the property, if it had been such as it was represented to be by him, or as the carrier might reasonably have supposed it to be, if no deceit or misrepresentation concerning it had been practised when the contract was entered into. If articles of great value, such as money or jewels, are delivered to a carrier, with a statement that they are ordinary merchandise only, or if they are in such a shape or form as to lead him, in the exercise of proper care and prudence, to believe that they are articles of a wholly different kind and of a greatly less value than they actually are, he is misled and deceived in a matter which is essential to the contract into which he is induced to enter. He thereby is misled both as to the amount of compensation which he ought to receive, and as to the nature and degree of care which he ought to use in transporting the property. Nor can it make any difference whether this result is brought about by an actual misstatement in reply to questions put by the carrier, or by a resort to such artifices as lull suspicion and prevent inquiry on his part. In either case the result is the same, and the fraud as effectually accomplished by false tokens and disguises as by oral misrepre • sentations and falsehoods. We do not mean to imply that the owner of a package or bag intrusted to a carrier is bound to disclose its contents, unless they are inquired about by him. If property is received by him without such inquiry, then he will be liable for its loss, whatever its value, if it is contained in such a parcel or box as to indicate its nature, or is so packed as not to mislead or deceive the carrier as to its contents and induce him to believe that they are of a different kind and of less value than they in fact are. In such a case he enters into the contract of carriage, and vo’untarily assumes a risk, without — 378 — availing himself of his right to inquire concerning its nature or extent, and without any attempt on the part of the owner of the property, by artifice or deceit, to practise a fraud upon him. But it is otherwise where the carrier is put off inquiry by the appearance and condition of the. property delivered to him, and is thereby induced to believe it to be a different article and less valuable than it is subsequently claimed to have been. This principle has been often recognized and applied in actions against common carriers of merchandise, and has also, been held to be equally applicable to carriers of passengers. Story on Bailments, § 565 et seq. 2 Redfield on Railways, (3d ed.) 149 et seq. Angell on Carriers, § 261. Gibbon v. Paynton, 4 Burr. 2298. Batson v. Donovan, 4 B. & Ald. 21. Great Northern Railway Co. v. Shepherd, 8 Exch. 30. Cahill v. London & Northwestern Railway Co. 10 C. B. (N. S.) 154; S. C. 13 Ib. 818. Orange County Bank v. Brown, 9 Wend. 85. Hollister v Nowlen, 19 Wend. 234, 244. Smith v. Boston & Maine Railroad, 44 N. H. 325. In regard to carriers of passengers, there can be no doubt that persons who enter into contracts with them to transport themselves and their luggage, nothing being said as to the contents of the parcels which are delivered for carriage, and these being in the form of trunks or valises such as are commonly used for clothing and other personal effects, represent by implication to the carriers that they contain no articles or property not properly included within this class or description, and such as a traveller may carry with him as part of his luggage, and for which he can hold the carrier responsible under his contract. If other and different articles of greater value are contained in such trunks or valises, it is a disguise of their true nature and value, and operates as an unfair and fraudulent concealment of them which absolves the carriers from liability therefor in ease of loss. Nor is this all. In such a case, the owner can prove no contract for the transportation of any articles other than wearing apparel and other ordinary personal effects and an amount of money reasonably sufficient for the payment of travelling expenses. What is the contract into which the carrier enters when he receives a passenger ? It is only to transport him safely, to. — 379 — gether with such articles and money as are properly contained in the luggage which he brings with him ; but he does not contract to transport anything which he may bring with him in the shape of luggage, when in fact it is not properly such, but mer chandise or money which he cannot ask the carrier to receive in that form. Therefore it is that he cannot be held liable at all, not even for gross negligence, for the loss of any articles not embraced within the contract. He did not agree to receive or transport money beyond a certain amount, or merchandise of any kind; and he cannot be held liable for any, even the smallest degree of care of that which he did not agree to take into his possession and keeping. And that is the exact difference between the class of cases where a carrier has by special contract given notice that he will not be responsible for loss of property beyond a certain amount, and those cases where a concealment or deceit as to the nature and value of the property has been practised on the earner. As to the former, it has been held that the effect of such a notice is only to exempt the carrier from his extreme liability for property intrusted to him, but that he is still liable for a certain degree of care for property which he receives into his custody and undertakes to transport, although of greater value than that named in the notice which he has made public. But in the latter class of cases there is present the element of fraud or deceit, by reason of which the carrier has not entered into any contract for the care of property the knowledge of which has been concealed from him by the owner. These principles are decisive of the rights of the parties to these actions. The only contracts into which the defendants are shown to have entered with the plaintiffs are for the carriage of one of them with his luggage, and of the other without any luggage. To the former they are liable only for the sum found by the jury to be the value of his wearing apparel and personal' effects, and for the sum of money contained in his valise necessary to defray his travelling expenses. To the other plaintiff they are not liable at all, because he is not shown to have made any contract with them to transport luggage. The money belonging to him in the valise of the first plaintiff cannot be — 380 — recovered. Of its existence the defendants had no knowledgé. It was concealed from them by being put into luggage which was delivered to and received by them as belonging to one passenger only. It was as such that they agreed to carry it. It was in effect a concealment of its real value to put into it a larger amount of money than was sufficient for the ex penses of a single passenger. This enhanced the risk assumed by the defendants, without their knowledge. It exposed them to the hazard of incurring, by the loss of the luggage of one passenger, a heavier liability than they had ever agreed to assume. It is obvious that this was a practical fraud on the defendants. Nor can we see any limit to the amount of liability which might be thus imposed on carriers of passengers, without notice to them, if they can be held to be chargeable in this action beyond the amount of money which one person might properly carry. If a single passenger could carry at their risk the money of another fellow-passenger in his own valise or trunk, he might in like manner render them liable, in case of the loss of his luggage, for the money of any number of passengers, however large. According to the views we have taken, neither of the verdicts rendered for the plaintiffs can be sustained. Stewart is not entitled to recover anything, and the verdict in his favor must be set aside. Dunlap is entitled to recover only the sum which the jury have found to be the amount necessary to defray his travelling expenses, and also the value of the valise and the other articles contained in it, as agreed upon by the parties; and, in accordance with the terms of the report on which the case was reserved, the verdict in his favor may be amended accordingly.