Sweet v. Dutton

Chapman, C. J. By an indenture made between the "plaintiff and his daughter, Martha G. Sweet, on December 24, 1868 [591] she conveyed to him in trust all her property, to be held by him during her life, and to pay the income to her, free from the control and interference of any future husband she might have. Upon her death he was to pay over and transfer all the property in his hands to such person as she should by her last will or other instrument in writing appoint, and in default of such will or appointment, then to convey and pay over the said trust property to her heirs at law. The instrument purports to convey “ all the property, both real and personal, of which I am now seised or to which I am in any way entitled, either in law or equity.” A schedule of the property is annexed to the instrument, consisting of bonds, railroad stocks and bank stocks; and this is the only property which the plaintiff now holds. She was married to the defendant Horace Dutton, and died on June 25,1871, leaving her husband and an infant daughter. The object of the bill is to ascertain which of these persons is entitled to the property. If it were real estate, it would go to the daughter as heir; but the husband contends that, being personalty, it goes to him as distributee. The meaning of the word “ heirs ” in a bequest of personal property has been much discussed in the cases cited, and in other cases cited in the text books referred to. In Gittings v. M'Dermott, 2 Myl. & K. 69, and in some other English cases, it is said that the construction of the word must be governed by the nature of the property. In many cases this may be so, but not in all. The more comprehensive rule is, that it must be governed by the intent of the testator; and if his intent appears to be to designate those who are strictly his heirs in the primary sense of the term, and not distributees, it must be so construed; as in De Bouvoir v. De Bouvoir, 3 H. L. Cas. 524, and In re Rootes, 1 Drew. & Sm. 228, and other cases. This court so held in Clarke v. Cordis, 4 Allen, 466, 480. See also Loring v. Thorndike, 5 Allen, 257. But in Houghton v. Kendall, 7 Alien, 72, the court said that, when the word “heirs ” is used in a gift of personalty, it should primarily be held to refer to those who would be entitled to take under the statute of distributions. [592] If, then, the instrument before us were a will, the word “ heirs ” ought, according to the whole course of the authorities, to be construed as meaning distributees, there being nothing to indicate a different meaning. The instrument, however, is not a will, but a transfer of personal property; and no authority has been cited, where the word has been used in such an instrument except in its primary signification. The question then arises, whether the extended signification is to be limited to wills. We think it is not. In Morton v. Barrett, 22 Maine, 257, 264, it is said that, to carry into effect the intent of the testator, the word heirs should be construed to mean heirs apparent, or children, or those entitled under the statute of distributions; and in Mace v. Cushman, 45 Maine, 250, 261, it is said that, in the common use of language, the children of a deceased intestate leaving personal property would be called his heirs, and such term would be justified by the definitions of the word “heirs” by lexicographers, but technically they would not take as heirs, but as distributees. In that case, the court held that the word was intended to mean the persons who were entitled to the property of the deceased according to the laws in force. The courts have extended its meaning in construing wills, because they found that testators so used it. Testators are apt to use words in a new sense, different from their original and technical meaning, when such new meaning has come into common use; and when it comes into common use, it is often adopted in other instruments. According to Mace v. Cushman, cited above, this new meaning of the word “ heirs,” in application to personalty, has acquired a proper place in lexicography. This is according to the common course of change that is constantly gúing on in living languages. • In view of these circumstances, we think it is to be presumed that in this instrument the parties used the word in the same sense in which they would have used it in a will, and that the property should go to the distributee. Decree accordingly.