Johnson v. Phœnix Insurance

Gbay, J. The position of the defendant in this case is sustained by a uniform current of authorities, beginning with a series of decisions made upon full argument in England soon after policies of fire insurance first came into common use. The earliest case in the reports was decided in 1785. The condition of the policy there sued on required the assured to “ procure a certificate, under the hands of the minister and churchwardens, together with some other reputable inhabitants of the parish not concerned in such loss,” to substantially the same facts as are specified in the conditions now before us, and provided that until such certificate should be made and produced, the loss money should not be payable. The declaration, besides averring compliance with the condition in other respects, alleged that the minister of the parish, at the time of the loss and long before, resided at a distance from and tint of the parish, and was wholly unacquainted with the character and circumstances of the assured, and wholly unable to make such a certificate as the policy required. After verdict for the plaintiff, judgment was arrested by the Court of Common Bench, on the ground that the stipulation to produce the specified certificate was a condition precedent to the right to sue upon the policy. Oldman v. Bewicke, 2 H. Bl. 577, note. In 1789, in an action on a policy containing the same words, the declaration alleged that the assured applied to the minister and churchwardens and to many respectable inhabitants for the certificate required, but that the defendants, by false insinuations and promises of indemnity, prevailed upon them to refuse to sign it. The defendants pleaded that they did not do so, and that the plaintiff had not procured the certificate- required by the policy. The plaintiff demurred to the plea. After an able argument in support of the demurrer, the same court, stopping the opposing counsel, “ said the matter was too clear to admit of a [51] doubt, and accordingly gave judgment for the defendants.” Rout ledge v. Burrell, 1 H. Bl. 254. In another case, in 1795, in which the clause in question differed only in omitting to declare that the loss should not be paid till the certificate was produced; and the declaration alleged, and the jury found, that the minister and churchwardens refused to sign a certificate wrongly and unjustly, and without any reasonable or probable cause; the Court pf Common Bench, (a majority of the members of which had been changed since the decision last mentioned,) being divided in opinion, gave judgment pro forma for the plaintiff, in order that a writ of error might be brought. Wood v. Worsley, 2 H. Bl. 574. And that judgment was unanimously reversed in the King’s Bench, after thorough discussion at the bar and by all the judges. Worsley v. Wood, 6 T. R. 710. The reasons for the decision were, in brief, that the insurers, in order to protect themselves against fraud, had the right to say, and by the terms of the policy had said, that they would pay no loss except upon the certificate of the persons specified; and that the assured, by accepting the policy, assented to the condition, and came within the rule by which one who engages for the act of a stranger must procure the act to be done, and the refusal of the stranger, without the interference of the other party, is no excuse. In a case in the Privy Council in 1829, upon an appeal from Canada, these cases were considered to have settled the law upon the subject. Scott v. Phœnix Ins. Co. Stuart, 354. And it was admitted at the argument of the present case that they have never been denied or doubted in England. See also Mason v. Harvey, 8 Exch. 819; Langel v. Mutual Ins. Co. 17 Upper Canada Q. B. 524. The American decisions upon the question are to the same effect. The Supreme Court of the United States has held that where a policy provided that until the production of a certificate of a magistrate or notary of the town or county in which the fire happened, to the same facts which are specified in the condition now before us, the loss should not be payable; and the assured obtained a certificate from such a magistrate, which did not fully comply with the requirements of the condition; no action could [52] be maintained upon the policy, unless the want of a certificate in the requisite form had been waived by the defendant. Columbian Ins. Co. v. Lawrence, 2 Pet. 25, and 10 Pet. 507. The courts of several states have held a stipulation like, that in the present case, requiring a certificate from the nearest magistrate, to be a condition precedent, which must be complied with according to its terms before an action can be brought upon the policy. Leadhetter v. Etna Ins. Co. 13 Maine, 265. Inman v. Western Ins. Co. 12 Wend. 452, 456 seq. Ætna Ins. Co. v. Tyler, 16 Wend. 385, 391, 401. Turley v. North American Ins. Co. 25 Wend. 374. Roumage v. Mechanics' Ins. Co. 1 Green (N. J.), 110. Protection Ins. Co. v. Pherson, 5 Ind. 417. Noonan v. Hartford Ins. Co. 21 Missouri, 81. Cornell v. Hope Ins. Co. 3 Martin (N. S.) 223. The exact question has never been decided in this Commonwealth. But it has been held by this court that compliance with the condition as to proof of loss in other respects is essential, unless waived by the insurers, and that an error in the statement cannot be cured by evidence at the trial. Wellcome v. People's Ins. Co. 2 Gray, 480. Shawmut Sugar Refining Co. v. People's Ins. Co. 12 Gray, 535. Campbell v. Charter Oak Ins. Co. 10 Allen, 213. And in the last case, the court referred to Worsley v. Wood, above cited, as laying down the true rule. At the trial of the present case, it was admitted that the plaintiff did not furnish the certificate required by the policy, and there was no evidence that the defendant did anything to prevent his getting a certificate or to waive the want of one. His application in good faith to the proper magistrate for the requisite certificate could not enable him to maintain the action; for the condition precedent to his right to sue was not that he should use his best efforts to procure, but that he should procure, the certificate. He has not therefore proved the case upon which the defendant promised to indemnify him. Exceptions sustained.