Fabens v. Fabens

C. Allen, J. The first question which we have considered is, whether the whole estate is to be kept together until the death of the widow and of all the children of the testator, or whether, upon the death of any child, his or her heirs shall at once receive a distribution of that portion of the estate of which the child had received the income. It does not appear that any injury will result to the widow or to any of the surviving children from making such distribution, and none has been suggested by counsel. The widow will still receive the income of one fifth of the whole property, as she does at present. The advantage, if any, to be derived from keeping the whole estate together, with a view to the possibility of making more advantageous investments, does not appear to have been specially in the testator’s mind, and is at best but conjectural. The phraseology of the will might lead to the suggestion that the testator did not wish his widow, or either of his children, in any event, to become the owner of any portion of the principal of his estate, and that they may become so, as heirs of a child who may die without leaving issue, in case there is to be an immediate distribution to the heirs of such child upon his or her decease. For instance, the daughter Leonide is now living and unmarried. She is entitled to one fifth part of the income. If she were to die now, unmarried, and if her share should be distributed at once, it would of course go to her mother as heir; and if her mother were to die first, then the share of Leonide would go to her brothers, including the children of Charles by right of representation. If it were plain that the testator did not wish this result to happen, that would be a reason for holding that the whole estate should be kept together; but, so far as the purpose of the testator can be divined from his somewhat meagre expression of it, we think it equally rational to hold that he simply meant that no child should spend or dispose of his own share so as to cut off his heirs at law; but that he did not mean to cut off the right of the widow or children to take as heirs at law of any child who might die without leaving issue. It might also be suggested that, if the heirs of a deceased child are entitled to the share of such child immediately upon his or her death, successive distributions may become, necessary; for instance, that, if the widow should die shortly hereafter, the children [399] of Charles would then be entitled to one fourth part of the one fifth of the estate the income whereof is now paid to her; and that, if another child should then die without leaving issue, the children of Charles would then be entitled to a still further distribution of principal. These considerations, however, only affect the convenience of managing the trust, and are outweighed by those in favor of making as early a distribution of the estate as may be consistent with the expressed intention of the testator. Taking the whole will and codicil together, they indicate on the part of the testator a marked affection for and confidence in his wife and children, so that it is not to be said of him that he showed more care for his remote descendants whom he had not seen, than for his wife and children with whom he was living; and, on the whole, we find no sufficient reason for holding that the share of a deceased child must be held in trust until the death of the testator’s widow and of all of his children. It remains to determine who shall take under the gift to “ the heirs of my children.” It is contended, in behalf of the widow of the deceased son, that these words should be read in a double sense, so as to mean the heirs at law in relation to the real estate, and those persons who would be entitled under the statute of distributions in relation to the personal estate; as was done in Keay v. Boulton, 25 Ch. D. 212, and Wingfield v. Wingfield, 9 Ch. D. 658. No general rule can be stated under which all the decisions can be classified. But in general, where there is a gift to a person or his heirs, the word “ heirs ” denotes succession or substitution; the gift being primarily to the person named, or, if he is dead, then to his heirs in his place. In such cases, it has often been held that the word “ heirs ” should be construed to mean the persons who would legally succeed to the property according to its nature or quality; and that the heirs at law would take the real estate, and the next of kin or persons entitled to inherit personalty would take the personal estate. Such were the cases, amongst others, of Keay v. Boulton and Wingfield v. Wingfield, above cited, of Vaux v. Henderson, 1 Jac. & W. 388, and of Doody v. Higgins, 9 Hare, App. xxxii. But where the gift is directly to the heirs of a person, as a substantive gift to them of something which their ancestor was in no event to take, this element of succession or substitution is [400] wanting, and the heirs take as the persons designated in the instrument to take in their own right; and in such cases the courts have usually held that the word “ heirs ” must receive the meaning which it bears at common law, as the persons entitled to succeed to real estate in case of intestacy. De Beauvoir v. De Beauvoir, 3 H. L. Cas. 524. Forster v. Sierra, 4 Ves. 766. Swaine v. Burton, 15 Ves. 365. Mounsey v. Blamire, 4 Russ. 384. This distinction was recognized in this State in Clarke v. Cordis, 4 Allen, 466, 480, where the court, in speaking of the word “heirs” as used in the will then under consideration, said: “ It was not intended to denote succession, that is, to vest the estate in the legatees as successors of or substitutes for the sons of the testator, so that they would take the same estate in nature and quality as that which would have come to them by descent. They are to take by force of the will as purchasers. The word is used to designate the persons who are to take the real and personal estate as independent objects of the gift. It is therefore to be interpreted as a mere term of description of a class of persons who .... are to take the estate.” This doctrine, if applied to the will now before us, clearly leads to the result that the word “ heirs ” is to be understood in its strict sense. The life estate is for the wife and children of the testator, and the remainder is for the heirs of his children. A child of the testator cannot, by any possibility, take in the first instance that which is given to the heirs of such child. The heirs of the children do not take in their parents’ place, by way of substitution to the same estate, but they take an independent, substantive gift of the whole property, subject to a life interest therein which is given to the testator’s wife and children. There is nothing in the will which shows any intention that the real estate should go in one direction and the personal in another. The provision is a single one, and is found at the beginning of a separate paragraph. Rejecting the word “ Of ” as superfluous, the language is: “ All my other property, either in money, stocks, bonds, goods, vessels, real estate, or whatever it may be, is to be reserved in .trust for the heirs of my children.” After this follow the provisions for giving the income or life estate to his wife and children. This language looks [401] rather to a wish to have all the property finally go in the same direction. But without speculating too much as to what may have been the testator’s actual intention, whether he meant that, if one of his sons should die leaving a wife, but no children, or if his daughter should die leaving a husband but no children, such wife or husband respectively should or should not take under the statute of distributions, it is sufficient to say that we think the weight of authority and the better reason favor the giving of a strict construction to the word “ heirs,” in the present will. Such also has been the tendency of most of the decisions in this Commonwealth. See Merrill v. Preston, 135 Mass. 451; Clarke v. Cordis, ubi supra; Lombard v. Boyden, 5 Allen, 249, 254-256; and Loring v. Thorndike, 5 Allen, 257, 269. It follows, that one fifth of the trust fund should be paid to the heirs at law of Charles E. Fabens. Decree accordingly.