Doyle v. Fitchburg Railroad

Morton, J. The defendant concedes that, in view of the decision in Doyle v. Fitchburg Railroad, 162 Mass. 66, the plaintiff’s intestate must be regarded as a passenger; but he contends that, notwithstanding what is there said, the ticket was a gratuity; and he bases this contention principally on the difference between the bill of exceptions in this case and in that. There is a slight difference, it is true, between the two. In the former case the bill of exceptions stated that the tickets were issued only to employees who worked in Boston and lived at some other place on the line of the road, and “ without other compensation than that the person receiving the ticket should perform services for the defendant in accordance with the terms of his employment.” In this case the words quoted were omitted. In other respects the two bills of exceptions are alike. We think that the difference is not important, and that it fairly may be said in this case, as in that, that the ticket formed part of the consideration by which the plaintiff’s intestate was induced to enter and continue in the employment of the defendant, and was not a mere gratuity. The ticket was only given to employees, and not to all of those, but, so far as appears, only to such as worked in Boston and [495] lived on the line of the railroad in some other place. It had reference therefore to special circumstances attending the performance of services for the company, and the arrangement well may have been regarded as mutually advantageous. By it the defendant was enabled to obtain the services of those who did not live in Boston, and thus to draw its employees from a larger body, subject only to the expense of their transportation, and the plaintiff’s intestate was enabled to enter the defendant’s employment on equal terms as to wages with those living in Boston. Without speculating as to what the rights of the plaintiff’s intestate to the ticket would have been if at any time he had left the defendant’s employment before the end of the month, we think it plain, as already stated, that as this case stands the ticket properly cannot be regarded as a gratuity. The defendant contends, however, that, even if the plaintiff’s intestate was not a free passenger, the plaintiff cannot recover because of the stipulation on the back of the ticket, to which the plaintiff’s intestate must be presumed, by accepting the ticket, to have assented. In this respect, this case raises a question which it was not found necessary to decide in the former case, and which does not appear to have been directly decided in this Commonwealth. We assume that, if the ticket had been a gratuity, the contract on the back of it would have precluded a recovery, and that it would have made no difference that the negligence was gross. Quimby v. Boston & Maine Railroad, 150 Mass. 365. Rogers v. Kennebec Steamboat Co. 86 Maine, 261. Griswold v. New York & New England Railroad, 53 Conn. 371. How far common carriers may go in contracting to be relieved from the consequences of their own negligence and that of their servants is a matter on which different courts have taken different views, and on which in some instances courts within the same jurisdiction have expressed themselves differently at different times. It is clear that they have not an unlimited power of contract in this respect. A private individual may refuse to transport a person from one place to another unless the latter will agree to assume all risk of injury. But railroad corporations would have no right to insist as a condition of carrying a passenger that he should make such a contract. This arises out of the nature of the service which they undertake. They may pre [496] scribe rates of fare and reasonable regulations for the safety of passengers and the conduct of the business in which they are engaged, but if the passenger is willing to conform to these, they cannot insist that he shall accept the risk of accident as a condition of being carried. But the question now is, What is the effect of such a contract voluntarily entered into by a passenger who in other respects occupies the position of a passenger for hire ? - There is a dictum in this State to the effect that such a contract would not relieve a railroad company from liability for injuries caused by its own negligence or that of its servants; Quimby v. Boston & Maine Railroad, 150 Mass. 365, 371; and we think that it must be regarded as settled in this Commonwealth that such a contract in regard to the carriage of goods would not exempt a railroad from liability for its own negligence or that of its servants. Squire v. New York Central Railroad, 98 Mass. 239, 246. Grace v. Adams, 100 Mass. 505. Medfield School District v. Boston, Hartford, & Erie Railroad, 102 Mass. 552, 556. Hoadley v. Northern Transportation Co. 115 Mass. 304. Fonseca v. Cunard Steamship Co. 153 Mass. 553, 557. Although the liability of a carrier of merchandise is that of an insurer, and the liability of a carrier of passengers is measured by the highest degree of care which human foresight reasonably will admit of, we see no valid reason for holding that in the former case the carrier cannot be exempted from his own negligence, and that in the latter he may. The object in both cases, as is said in New York Central Railroad v. Lockwood, 17 Wall. 357, 377, 378, is to secure the utmost fidelity and care in the performance of their respective duties; and this object in the case of the passenger carrier, as in that of the merchandise carrier, can be accomplished more satisfactorily by denying them the right to contract for exemption front5 liability for their own negligence and that of their servants than in any other mode. The powerful and dangerous agencies usually employed, the absolute control of them which they have, the trust necessarily reposed in them, the compulsion which they might otherwise exercise, and the public nature of their service render the rule, we think, just and reasonable. The law in England and in some of the States here is otherwise, but the great weight of authority in this country is against [497] the right of a common carrier to contract for exemption from the consequences of its own negligence or that of its servants. Grand Trunk Railway v. Stevens, 95 U. S. 655. New York Central Railroad v. Lockwood, 17 Wall. 357. Ohio & Mississippi Railway v. Selby, 47 Ind. 471. Rose v. Des Moines Valley Railroad, 39 Iowa, 246. Cleveland, Painesville, Ashtabula Railroad v. Curran, 19 Ohio St. 1. Annas v. Milwaukee & Northern Railroad, 67 Wis. 46. Pennsylvania Railroad v. Henderson, 51 Penn. St. 315. Jacobus v. St. Paul & Chicago Railway, 20 Minn. 125. Missouri Pacific Railway v. Ivy, 71 Texas, 409. Carroll v. Missouri Pacific Railway, 88 Mo. 239. Willis v. Grand Trunk Railway, 62 Maine, 488. Flinn v. Philadelphia, Wilmington, & Baltimore Railroad, 1 Houst. (Del.) 469, 501, 502. Kansas City, St. Joseph, & Council Bluffs Railroad v. Simpson, 30 Kans. 645. Mobile & Ohio Railroad v. Hopkins, 41 Ala. 486. Louisville Nashville Railroad v. Wynn, 88 Tenn. 320. Maslin v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 14 W. Va. 180. Virginia & Tennessee Railroad v. Sayers, 26 Grat. (Va.) 328. Orndorff v. Adams Express Co. 3 Bush, (Ky.) 194. Taylor v. Little Rock, Mississippi River, & Texas Railroad, 39 Ark. 148. Berry v. Cooper, 28 Ga. 543. Southern Express Co. v. Moon, 39 Miss. 822. Wood, Railway Law, § 425. See contra, Peek v. North Staffordshire Railway, 10 H. L. Cas. 473; Mynard v. Syracuse, Binghamton, & New York Railroad, 71 N. Y. 180; Nicholas v. New York Central Hudson River Railroad, 89 N. Y. 370; Kenney v. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, 125 N. Y. 422. If the question were a new one in New York, it is possible that a different rule might be established from that which now pr-evails. See Mynard v. Syracuse, Binghamton, & New York Railroad, and Nicholas v. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, ubi supra. In the case of free passengers, it has been held that, since the carrier is not bound to transport them, it may impose such terms short of wilful negligence or injury as it chooses as a condition of carrying them. Quimby v. Boston & Maine Railroad, 150 Mass. 365. Rogers v. Kennebec Steamboat Co. 86 Maine, 261. Griswold v. New York & New England Railroad, 53 Conn. 371. But in the absence of any special contract or stipulation, the carrier is bound to exercise the same [498] degree of care towards a free passenger as towards a passenger for hire. Quimby v. Boston & Maine Railroad, and Rogers v. Kennebec Steamboat Co., ubi supra. So if a passenger insists upon riding, or. is required by the nature of his occupation to ride, in a place not provided for passengers, it has been held that the carrier properly may say to him that he must take the risk, however arising. Bates v. Old Colony Railroad, 147 Mass. 255. Hosmer v. Old Colony Railroad, 156 Mass. 506. Robertson v. Old Colony Railroad, 156 Mass. 525. And in the case of merchandise it has been held that the carrier may properly limit its liability in various ways, so long as it does not claim exemption from its own negligence or that of its servants. Squire v. New York Central Railroad, 98 Mass. 239. Grace v. Adams, 100 Mass. 505. Medfield School District v. Boston, Hartford, & Erie Railroad, 102 Mass. 552. Hoadley v. Northern Transportation Co. 115 Mass. 304. None of these cases support the defendant’s contention that, in the case of a passenger for hire who is being transported as such passengers usually are, a railroad company may contract to be relieved from liability for injuries caused by its negligence or that of its servants. The plaintiff’s intestate was, as we have already seen, such a passenger, although in the defendant’s employ, and the contract on the back of the ticket was therefore invalid so far as it purported to exonerate the defendant from liability for its negligence, or that of its servants. Exceptions overruled.