Carleton v. China Mutual Insurance

Lathrop, J. The question presented in this case is a very narrow one. It arises under the third part of what is known as the American clause. The history and object of the first two parts are set forth in Ryder v. Phoenix Ins. Co. 98 Mass. 185. Briefly stated, it may be said that by the general maritime law, the French ordinance of 1681, and by the custom of merchants in England in the latter part of the seventeenth century, in the case of two policies upon the same property, the amount of the first of which equalled its full value, that only was binding; and the second underwriter was exempt, and returned the premium, less a certain percentage. If the first policy did not amount to the whole value of the property, the second underwriter was liable for the surplus only. It was, however, decided before the American Revolution that at common law the insured might recover from either insurer, leaving him to sue the other for contribution. This was followed by some cases in this country; but this view of the law was not satisfactory to merchants and underwriters, and in consequence of this dissatisfaction an attempt was made to change the law by inserting a clause in the policy expressing the intent of the parties; and the first two parts of the clause before us were early adopted. The last part is of recent origin. The contention of the defendant is that the policy issued by [284] the Boston Insurance Company, dated August 14, 1895, is a policy simultaneous with the one issued on August 2,1895, by the defendant, because each policy was on freight on board or not on board for one year from August 21,1895, at noon. The language of this part of the clause is : “ Other insurance upon the premises aforesaid, of date the same day as this instrument, shall be deemed simultaneous herewith, and the said company shall not be liable for more than a ratable contribution in the proportion of the sum by them insured to the aggregate of such simultaneous insurance.” But we are clearly of opinion that the object of this clause was to avoid the difficulty presented by the case of Potter v. Marine Ins. Co. 2 Mason, 475, where it was held that if two policies were executed on the same day, it must be determined which of them was first executed. See also Brown v. Hartford Ins. Co. 3 Day, 58. The earlier provisions of the clause provided for other insurance “ prior in date to this instrument,” and for insurance “ subsequent in date to this policy.” Then comes the clause in question on which the defendant relies; and it is clear that the words in the third clause, “ of date the same day as this instrument,” refer to the date when the instrument was executed, and not to the date when the risk attached. This is the natural and obvious meaning of the words used, as it is the natural and obvious meaning of the corresponding words in the other clauses. The parties to the case were at liberty to fix the date at such time as they saw fit, and they have fixed it by reference to the day of the execution of the policies. The defendant relies upon two statements of Mr. Phillips, Phil. Ins. (5th ed.) 1261. “ There seems to be nothing in the common phraseology of the policy to prevent the construction, that the clause refers to the commencement of the risk. . . . The better doctrine seems to be, that the clause relative to prior insurance, in the common form, as between the underwriters on divers policies, has reference to the commencement of the risk upon any specific subject.” The section in which these statements occur is devoted to a consideration of the ease of American Ins. Co. v. Griswold, 14 Wend. 399, and a reading of the entire section shows that the question which is before us was not in the mind of Mr. Phillips at all, nor was it presented in the casé [285] he was considering. Mr. Phillips begins the section by stating the questions he was about to discuss as follows : “ Whether, if divers policies containing the clause relative to prior insurance are successively made on property of an amount sufficient at the outset to fill them all, but which, after the risk has begun, is diminished below that amount, the insurance under the several policies is diminished proportionally, or the risk continues to the full amount on the prior policies, and ceases under the subsequent ones ?” Then, too, the language of Mr. Phillips in connection with the statements cited by the defendant’s counsel shows that he was considering the case of two or more policies being in force, and then a diminution of the cargo, and a subsequent loss greater than the amount covered by the first policy. On this question Mr. Phillips adopted the view of Senator Tracy, with whom Senator Jones voted, against the view of Chancellor Walworth, the President of the Senate, and twenty senators; and the judgment of the Supreme Court against the first insurance company was affirmed. American Ins. Co. v. Griswold, 14 Wend. 399. We do not deem it necessary to discuss the case last cited at any length, but merely to state some of the facts. The appellant, on Mny 17, 1824, insured the appellees in the sum of $20,000 for the term of eighteen months, commencing at the day of the date of the policy, on goods laden or to be laden on board a certain ship. The policy contained in substance the first two parts of the clause relating to prior and subsequent insurance which are in the policy before us, but did not contain the last part. The vessel sailed on May 21, 1824, with a cargo invoiced at over $40,000. On May 26, the appellees procured another policy, upon the same risk, in a different company, for $10,000, commencing May 18, 1824; and two days after procured another policy upon the same risk, in a third company, for $15,000, for the term of eighteen months, commencing on the day of the date of the last policy. The latter policies were of similar tenor and effect in all respects as the first, except as to the commencement and termination of the eighteen months. On October 6, 1824, the vessel arrived at Callao, and cargo amounting to nearly $21,000 was landed and disposed of. On November 3, the ship and cargo, invoiced at [286] $27,000, were seized by the Spanish military commandant, and lost to the owners. While the latter part of the clause is not to be found until within recent years, the other parts have been before the courts in many cases, and we have not found one in which there is a suggestion that the words have any different meaning from that which they naturally import. The cases on the American clause are collected in 1 Pars. Mar. Ins. 285-296, and Phil. Ins. (5th ed.) 1251-1264. The only decision that we are aware of that supports the defendant’s view is that of one of the eleven Chancellors of the State of Tennessee, under a policy similar to that in the case at bar ; but as he was overruled by the Supreme Court of that State, the weight of authority on this point is in favor of the plaintiff. Deming v. Merchants' Cotton Press Co. 90 Tenn. 306, 340-346. Moreover, it is to be said that the ground of the Chancellor’s view was that, the policies being open policies, the property was not insured until it came within the scope of the policies, and it was said: “ The rule making the date of the policy the date of the insurance applies to valued policies, but not to open policies.” In the case at bar the policies were not open policies, and although the risk did not begin to run until a future day, this did not prevent the parties from making the question of prior or subsequent insurance depend upon the day of the execution of the policy, instead of the day of the attaching of the risk. In reaching this conclusion we have assumed that the evidence objected to by the plaintiffs was admissible. There must, therefore, be a judgment for the plaintiffs for $1,436.96, with interest thereon from May 1, 1897. ¡So ordered.