Hall v. Henry Thayer & Co.

Braley, J. The plaintiffs sue in tort for the death without conscious suffering of their respective intestates, employees of one Shaw, who were killed on March 28, 1913, while at work on the defendant’s water tank which Shaw had contracted to repair. A verdict in each case having been ordered and returned for the defendant, the cases are here on the report of the presiding judge,* in which not only the question of the defendant’s liability for the death of the intestates, but also the question whether the plaintiffs can maintain the actions, is raised. The declarations were not demurred to, and we assume, although this is not alleged, that the decedents left either a widow and children, or a widow and next of kin, for whose sole benefit damages are given under R. L. c. 171, § 2, as amended, for death caused by the negligence of a person or corporation of those not in his or its employment or service, Oulighan v. Butler, 189 Mass. 287, 289. We also assume from the report that the administratrices are respectively the widows of the deceased employees. It is stated that the parties agreed that Shaw was a subscriber and the insurance company has been ordered under the workmen’s compensation act to pay compensation to the widow for a period of three hundred weeks from the date of death of each employee. The death of the decedents having been caused by the alleged negligence of the defendant and the plaintiffs having elected to take compensation, they cannot maintain the actions for their own benefit. St. 1911, c. 751, Part III, § 15, as amended by St. 1913, c. 448, § l.† Turnquist v. Hannon, 219 Mass. 560. Barr [153] y v. Bay State Street Railway, 222 Mass. 366. See Cripps’s Case, 216 Mass. 586. The right conferred upon the association or insurer) by § 15 is to bring suit against the wrongdoer either in the name of the employee or in its own name. But, as the employee is dead, and R. L. c. 171, § 2, provides that actions for death should be brought in the name of “the executor or administrator of the deceased,” no sufficient reason is shown why the insurer may not prosecute the actions in the names of the plaintiffs for its own benefit. The report further states that, before the cases were opened to the jury, the defendant presented motions “to amend its answers” and, the motions having been allowed, the answers as amended set up these matters in defence. It would have been better practice undoubtedly to have stated in each writ that the action was brought in the name of the administratrix for the benefit of the insurer, but this was not necessary. The defendant in any event would be fully protected from double liability. Kelly v. Greany, 216 Mass. 296. St. Albans Granite Co. v. Elwell & Co. 88 Vt. 479,482. The insurer being entitled to maintain the actions in the names of the plaintiffs, we come to the issue, whether there was any evidence for the jury of the defendant’s negligence. To recite the evidence in detail would serve no useful purpose. The tank was situated on the roof of the defendant’s building and the jury would have been warranted in finding that the uprights supporting the tank rested on brick piers, and that, from the vibration caused by operation of the defendant’s machinery and also from age and exposure to the weather, the uprights and struts or braces by which the uprights were connected had become so corroded as to cause the tank to sway in the wind, whereby the structure had become weakened. And that while the decedents were at work adjusting and bolting on new braces or struts, using proper appliances and exercising ordinary care and mechanical skill, the piers suddenly gave way, carrying in their collapse part of the outer wall, the tank plunged down and they were thrown to the ground and killed. A further finding on the testimony of the plaintiffs’ expert and of Shaw, a machinist and contractor of experience, whose testimony was clearly admissible, would have been justified, that the foundations previously described were not originally “a good form of construction” to support a tank of [154] its capacity, and that from the lapse of time the structure had become unsafe and dangerous when subjected to the strain or leverage necessarily required in making the repairs. Jellow v. Fore River Ship Building Co. 201 Mass. 464, 466. Hopperman v. Fore River Ship Building Co. 214 Mass. 33. The jury also could have found further, that if the defendant, the owner of the building, knowing that repairs were to be made, had exercised reasonable diligence, these defective conditions upon proper investigation could have been discovered, but in so far as appears, without making any examination or taking any preliminary precautions, it invited the decedents, even if they were the employees of an independent contractor, to come upon the premises, where as the result shows the jury could find they were exposed to dangers which to them were not obvious or apparent upon reasonable observation. It is settled that under such circumstances the owner of the premises can be held responsible in damages. Carleton v. Franconia Iron & Steel Co. 99 Mass. 216. Curtis v. Kiley, 153 Mass. 123. Wagner v. Boston Elevated Railway, 188 Mass. 437, 439, and cases cited. Garland v. Townsend, 217 Mass. 297, 300, and cases cited. It is also plain that, if the jury reached these conclusions, there was no contractual assumption of risk, and, whether the intestates exercised due care or voluntarily assumed the risk, were questions of fact. The case of Archer v. Eldredge, 204 Mass. 323, is plainly distinguishable. What has been said disposes of the defendant’s exceptions to the exclusion of evidence of the amount of the awards and to the admission of the opinion evidence introduced by the plaintiffs. It furthermore may be remarked, in connection with the defendant’s offer of proof of the proceedings before the Industrial Accident Board, that it has failed to point out the relevancy of the award as affecting in an action of tort either the defendant’s liability or the measure of damages. The answer of Shaw to the question, “Did you consider from your experience as a machinist with this class of work that the old braces were insufficient?” “No, I did not think that,” not having harmed the defendant need not be further considered. The remaining exceptions to the admission of evidence, in so far as argued, either fall within the same class of harmless error, if error there [155] was, or the evidence was plainly competent on the question of the defendant’s liability. C. L. Allen & R. T. Parke, for the plaintiffs. E. C. Stone, for the defendant. The cases should have been submitted to the jury, and in accordance with the terms of the report judgment for the plaintiffs in the stipulated amount is to be entered in each case. So ordered. Footnotes [*] Sanderson, J. [†] The deaths of the intestates occurred before the passage of this amendment.