Commonwealth v. Olmande

Carhart, J. After a Superior Court jury trial, the defendant was convicted of four counts of rape of a child and one count of indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of — 232 — fourteen years.1 On appeal, he alleges that the prosecutor’s closing argument deprived him of a fair trial; that the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction of one of the charges of rape of a child; and that the judge erred by not instructing the jury, sua sponte, on the lesser included offense of indecent assault and battery in connection with that rape of a child charge. We affirm. Background. The victim in this case, whom we shall call Jenna,2 was eighteen years old at the time of trial. The defendant was the boyfriend of Jenna’s grandmother, with whom Jenna spent much of her childhood. At trial, Jenna testified that the defendant sexually assaulted her on numerous occasions and in various locations, from the time she was four years old until she was eight or nine years old. One of those locations was the home of Jenna’s aunt. On one occasion while Jenna was visiting, her aunt noticed that Jenna’s underwear appeared inconsistent with what a child’s underwear of Jenna’s age should look like; rather, her aunt thought they appeared more consistent with the underwear of a sexually active adult.3 When asked by her aunt if anyone was “messing with her,” Jenna stated, “No.” Jenna testified that she disclosed the sexual assaults to her best friend, Teresa,4 when Jenna was in sixth grade. Although she could not recall the exact words she used to describe the — 233 — assaults, Jenna testified that she was “feeling some type of weight at the time and . . . needed somebody to talk to.” Jenna testified that she told Teresa the defendant “was having sex with [her] and . . . touching [her] . . . and [that she] was mad because he took [her] virginity.” Teresa testified as a first complaint witness. She stated that Jenna told her that a close family friend had raped her and that he had touched her chest and her vagina. Teresa further testified that Jenna told her that the assaults had happened on more than one occasion. The parties stipulated that when Jenna was thirteen years old she underwent a gynecological examination that did not reveal evidence of a sexual assault. A sexual assault nurse examiner, testifying as an expert, stated that it would be unlikely that a child rape victim would show discernible medical evidence of penetration after the passage of one year. Discussion. 1. Closing argument. The defendant alleges that the prosecutor’s closing argument was improper and that the error requires a new trial. We begin our analysis by determining whether there was error in the prosecutor’s argument. If so, we must determine whether reversal is required by considering “[a] whether the defendant seasonably objected; [b] whether the error was limited to collateral issues or went to the heart of the case; [c] what specific or general instructions the judge gave the jury which may have mitigated the mistake; and [d] whether the error, in the circumstances, possibly made a difference in the jury’s conclusions.” Commonwealth v. Kater, 432 Mass. 404, 422-423 (2000), citing Commonwealth v. Kozec, 399 Mass. 514, 518 (1987). In the present case, the defendant challenges the following remarks made by the prosecutor in her closing argument: “Do you think it was easy for [Jenna] to come in here and talk about those things? You saw how embarrassing and humiliating it was for her to talk about that stuff. I want you to think about in your own lives a sexual experience or a sexual encounter that you’ve had with a consenting adult. Think about that, picture it. And then imagine somebody asking you to talk about that, especially the — 234 — intimate details of it, to a group of strangers that you don’t even know in a huge room and to be asked questions in a very intimate way about that stuff. It’s really hard to talk about, and I ask you to think about that. “Because this is a girl who is only eighteen years old. And why would an eighteen year old girl, what would be the motive for her to come in here and talk about events that are extremely humiliating in front of a room of strangers? I suggest to you there is only one thing that would motivate her to do that, and that’s the truth, because she’s telling the truth.” Prosecutors may “[argue] forcefully for a conviction based on the evidence and on inferences that may reasonably be drawn from the evidence.” Kozec, 399 Mass, at 516. Here, however, the defendant alleges the prosecutor, in effect, instructed the jury to place themselves in Jenna’s shoes by asking them to “imagine” speaking about the incident of a sexual assault “to a group of strangers.” We agree. It is improper for the prosecutor to invite the jury into the victim’s position and to attempt to arouse juror sympathy. Commonwealth v. Grinkley, 75 Mass. App. Ct. 798, 808-809 (2009). Additionally, the defendant contends that the prosecutor impermissibly argued that “only one thing . . . would motivate [Jenna] to [testify] . . . the truth.” While a prosecutor may argue that the jury should believe a witness based upon evidence presented at trial, a prosecutor cannot suggest the jury should believe a witness merely because the witness testified. Commonwealth v. Ramos, 73 Mass. App. Ct. 824, 826 (2009). Therefore, the remark was likewise improper. A. Error was unpreserved. After closing arguments, there was a sidebar conference in which the following exchange between defense counsel and the judge occurred. Defense counsel: “The other thing would be vouching for the credibility of certain witnesses. I don’t think that was excessive so I’m not going to jump up and down too much about that. That’s about all I have, Judge.” Judge: “I didn’t find any of the argument to be beyond the bounds of proper argument.” — 235 — Defense counsel: “Oh, I’m not suggesting that it was, Judge: “No, I just want to make a record that I didn’t find any of the argument to be improper.” The defendant argues that his trial counsel’s allusion to the prosecutor’s “vouching for the credibility of certain witnesses” sufficiently notified the judge that the defendant objected to the aforementioned remarks. We disagree. A party must “make[] known to the court the action which [the party] desires the court to take or [the party’s] objection to the action of the court.” Mass.R.Crim.P. 22, 378 Mass. 892 (1979). “[Tjrial counsel need not achieve perfection in identifying every impropriety ... so long as the objection alerts the judge to the grounds on which trial counsel objected to the prosecutor’s closing argument.” Commonwealth v. Hollie, 47 Mass. App. Ct. 538, 541 n.3 (1999). Here, after the judge stated that he viewed the prosecutor’s remarks as within the bounds of proper argument, defense counsel responded by making it clear that he was “not suggesting” the argument was improper. Given this response, we conclude that trial counsel failed to alert the judge to the error now asserted on appeal. See Commonwealth v. Ortiz, 50 Mass. App. Ct. 304, 309-310 (2000). Because there was no objection to the prosecutor’s closing argument, we review to determine whether the error created a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice.5 Id. at 310. B. Significance of error. While the prosecutor’s improper remarks touched upon a central issue in the case, namely Jenna’s credibility, see Commonwealth v. Lewis, 465 Mass. 119, 131 (2013), the jury’s verdict likely also was based on the testimony provided by Jenna’s aunt, who, as we noted, stated — 236 — that on one occasion Jenna’s underwear looked more like that of a sexually active adult than of a child. The jury also had to consider whether the first complaint witness (Teresa) and Jenna’s grandmother were credible. Thus, the remarks at issue, while affecting one central issue, did not go “to the very heart of the case” and did not strike “at the defendant’s sole defense.” Commonwealth v. Shelley, 374 Mass. 466, 471 (1978), S.C., 381 Mass. 340 (1980). Contrast Commonwealth v. Beaudry, 445 Mass. 577, 585 (2005) (“verdicts rested solely on the jury’s believing [the victim]”); Ramos, 73 Mass. App. Ct. at 826-827 (verdict “rested entirely on the credibility of the complaining witness”). C. Judge’s instructions. Before trial commenced, the judge told the jury that “closing arguments are bookends. . . . [Wjhat the attorneys say to you is not evidence in the case. Evidence comes exclusively from the testimony of the witnesses .... [Attorneys are not witnesses in the case. They weren’t there, they themselves don’t know what went on.” Again, immediately before closing arguments, and as our cases and legal authorities advise, the judge reminded the jurors that closing arguments are not evidence.6 And then, furthermore, after closing arguments concluded, the judge further instructed the jury: “You must determine the facts based solely and entirely upon the evidence you’ve seen and heard in this courtroom and nothing else. No bias, no prejudice, no fear, no favor. You are not to be swayed by personal likes or dislikes. Emotion or sympathy, passion or prejudice have no place in your deliberations.” Thus, during the span of a trial of less than three days, the — 237 — judge instructed the jury three times that closing arguments are not evidence. We presume, as we must, that the jury follow the judge’s instructions and understand the argumentative, not factual, nature of closing arguments. See Commonwealth v. Correia, 65 Mass. App. Ct. 27, 37 n.8 (2005). In this instance, we commend the judge for his thoroughness, which mitigated the mistakes made by the prosecutor. D. No substantial risk of miscarriage of justice. The Commonwealth’s evidence was strong. Jenna testified at length and in detail about the sexual abuse. Her testimony was corroborated by Teresa, the first complaint witness, who testified in detail about Jenna’s initial disclosure, and by the observations of her aunt, who saw the unusual “discharge” in Jenna’s underwear. Furthermore, considering the improper remarks in context, as we must, see Lewis, 465 Mass, at 132, we observe that they occurred in the course of an otherwise unobjectionable closing and they were made to a large extent in response to defense counsel’s summation. In his closing argument, defense counsel focused heavily on Jenna’s alleged lack of credibility, painting Jenna as a confused “young child who had a troubled life.” By contrast, in her argument, which covered fourteen pages of trial transcript, the prosecutor focused heavily on evidence that corroborated Jenna’s testimony. In light of the strength of the Commonwealth’s case, a lack of objection and an affirmative statement by defense counsel to the effect that the prosecutor’s argument was proper, as well as the judge’s instructions to the jury and that the errors were relatively brief in the context of the prosecutor’s entire argument, we conclude that the errors were not so offensive as to create a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice. The experienced trial judge and the able defense counsel, sitting in a much better position than us, were able to witness the elocution and the impact of the argument. In this case, we cannot underestimate the “significance” that attaches to their perceptions of the argument, for “[i]t is not only ‘a sign that what was said sounded less exciting at trial than appellate counsel now would have it seem,’. . . but it is also ‘some indication that the tone[,] manner[, and substance] of the now challenged aspect of the prosecutor’s argument were not unfairly prejudicial.’ ” Com — 238 — monwealth v. Leach, 73 Mass. App. Ct. 758, 768 (2009) (citations omitted). 2. Sufficiency of evidence. The defendant also argues that there was insufficient evidence presented to support his conviction of rape of a child as relative to digital penetration. However, in this regard, Jenna testified as follows. Jenna: “He moved his hands down towards my vagina area.” Prosecutor: “What part of your vagina did he touch with his hand?” Jenna: “My clitoris.” Prosecutor: “And what did he do with his hand when he was touching your clitoris?” Jenna: “Moving in circular motions.” Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, see Commonwealth v. Latimore, 378 Mass. 671, 676-677 (1979), Jenna’s testimony that the defendant touched her clitoris is sufficient to withstand a motion for a required finding on this charge. See Commonwealth v. Baldwin, 24 Mass. App. Ct. 200, 204-205 (1987) (“Intrusion into the vagina itself is not required to make out the wrongful penetration”). See also Commonwealth v. Moniz, 43 Mass. App. Ct. 913, 914 (1997), and cases collected therein. 3. Lesser included offense instruction. Finally, the defendant argues that the reasonable inference of Jenna’s testimony in regards to digital penetration is that she was clothed during the incident and, therefore, “there was no evidence that the touching was under her clothing.” Thus, the defendant asserts that the judge erred in not instructing the jury, sua sponte, on the lesser included offense of indecent assault and battery. “[A] judge must give a lesser included offense instruction if, on the evidence, there is a rational basis for acquitting the defendant of the greater offense and convicting him of the lesser included offense.” Commonwealth v. Thayer, 35 Mass. App. Ct. 599, 602 (1993), S.C., 418 Mass. 130 (1994). However, — 239 — “[e]ven when evidence is introduced that would justify conviction for a lesser included offense, the defendant is not entitled to an instruction thereupon unless the proof on the ‘elements differentiating the two crimes is sufficiently in dispute so that the jury may consistently find the defendant innocent of the greater and guilty of the lesser included offense. ’ ” Commonwealth v. Egerton, 396 Mass. 499, 504 (1986) (citation omitted). “That evidence, in ordinary circumstances, cannot be the mere possibility that the jury might not credit a portion of the Commonwealth’s evidence, which of course they are always free to do.” Commonwealth v. Donlan, 436 Mass. 329, 337 (2002). As we have noted, Jenna testified in detail that the defendant touched her clitoris. Although Jenna’s recollection of the facts preceding this incident was inconsistent, her testimony that the defendant touched her clitoris never wavered. Thus, there was no evidence that sufficiently disputed the element of penetration. Therefore, we conclude there was no error by the judge not instructing the jury on a lesser included offense. See id. at 338. Judgments affirmed. Footnotes [1] The defendant was indicted on seven counts of rape of a child and four counts of indecent assault and battery on a child under the age of fourteen years. Prior to trial, the Commonwealth filed a nolle prosequi on one rape charge. After the evidence was closed, the judge allowed a motion for required findings of not guilty as to two other rape charges and three indecent assault and battery charges. [2] A pseudonym. [3] Jenna’s aunt testified as follows: “[While giving Jenna a bath, I noticed that Jenna’s] underwear were just not what underwear for a child should look like. So I brought the underwear to my mom .... And she was like, ‘Wow, these underwear are really bad.’ And we’re like, ‘Yeah, they’re like a grown woman’s underwear, they don’t look like a child’s underwear.’ ” When asked by the prosecutor specifically why she thought that, the aunt testified, “The discharge .... The stuff that was in the underwear were just something that would remind me of someone, I’m a grown woman, I’m sexually active, and her underwear reminded me of something that my underwear would look like after, you know, something like that. . . . [My daughter’s underwear] didn’t look anything like that ever.” [4] A pseudonym. [5] The absence of a proper objection makes this case similar to Commonwealth v. Beaudry, 445 Mass. 577, 586-588 (2005), in which no substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice arose where a prosecutor made a similar improper remark and defense counsel failed to object to the judge’s curative instruction, and, thus, unlike Ramos, 73 Mass. App. Ct. at 826 n.3, in which the defendant was prejudiced by a prosecutor’s similar improper remark that was objected to by defense counsel and which defense counsel had moved in limine to exclude, and we were compelled to reverse the judgments. [6] The judge stated: “The next thing you will do is to hear the closing arguments of the attorneys. . . . What’s important about the closing arguments of the lawyers is . . . that what they say to you is not evidence in the case. The evidence is closed. So the evidence came exclusively from what the witnesses said on the witness stand during direct or redirect or cross or recross examination, and also anything that was marked with an exhibit sticker. That’s the evidence. So if the attorneys say something to you that differs from your memory, it’s your memory of the evidence that controls, not the memory of the attorneys. So what they say to you will be helpful, but what they say to you is not evidence in this case and you cannot take it as evidence.”