Territory of New Mexico v. De Guillen

OPINION OP THE COURT. McFIE, J. No assignment of errors was filed in this case, nor does the statute require formal assignment of errors to be made in a criminal case; but it still remains the better practice to do so, that vital error alone may be brought to the attention of this court, otherwise the court is remitted to an examination of the motions for new trial and in arrest of judgment, which too often contain provisions not relied upon by counsel as error, as well as vague and general, such as the court will not consider. In this case, however, there being no formal assignment of errors, the motions for new trial and in arrest of judgment, which are in identical language, will be relied upon as preserving errors alleged to exist in the record, treating them as assignments. 1 The fourth assignment of error should be first considered, as the error assigned is the refusal of the court to direct a verdict for the appellant upon appellant’s motion at the close of the evidence for the Territory. Very little need be said in overruling this assignment of error. This assignment is to the effect that the evidence for the prosecution was not sufficient to warrant a conviction, and that, therefore, the court committed error in refusing to instruct the jury to acquit the appellant at the close of the evidence for the Territory. In order to avoid an unnecessary repetition of the evidence in the case, we have set out quite fully, substantially, all. the evidence given upon the trial. From this evidence it is manifest that if the jury-believed the evidence given for the prosecution — and it was the province of the jury to determine the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony — there was abundant evidence to warrant a conviction in this case, of murder in some degree. Indeed in our opinion, if the jury, after considering all the evidence given upon the trial, determining the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony, were satisfied of the truth, of the testimony on behalf of the Territory, including the testimony of the witness Leruix which revealed not only a motive for the crime, but a deliberate and well considered intention to commit it for a considerable time before and up to the morning before the crime was committed, and if the jury further believed from this evidence that the appellant committed the crime by getting up in the night, going to the wood pile to obtain the ax, and then murdering, her husband by the infliction of the blows disclosed by the evidence, while he lay sleeping in the wagon bed, the jury would be fully warranted in finding appellant guilty of murder in the first degree. If the jury believed the evidence for the prosecution, all of the elements necessary to constitute murder in the first degree were present in the commission of the offense. Manifestly this evidence was for the consideration of the jury, and not for the court, and if the court had sustained the motion of the counsel for the appellant, the court would have invaded the province of the jury. This the court properly refused to do. Such a direction to the jury should never be given, unless upon a conviction the court would set aside the verdict. This court has repeatedly held that where there is substantial proof, circumstantial or otherwise, from which a jury could properly find a verdict, and which would sustain a verdict when found by a jury, that the court will not disturb the verdict. In this case the record shows that the court refused to disturb the verdict found by the jury, even after the evidence, on behalf of the defense had been heard, and this action of the court is, of itself, a sufficient answer to the fourth assignment of error. Territory v. Webb, 2 N. M. 148; Territory v. Maxwell, 2 N. M. 250; Hicks v. Territory, 6 N. M. 596; Trujillo v. Territory, 7 N. M. 43. 2 The first assignment of error, that the verdict was contrary to the law and the evidence, in that there was not sufficient proof to warrant a conviction of the.' appellant of murder in the first, or any other degree,' is practically the same as the fourth. What we have said concerning the fourth assignment of error is equally applicable to this. This assignment, it is true, goes to the legality of the court’s giving an instruction which would authorize the jury to find the appellant guilty of murder in the first degree. The court could not determine what view the jury would take of the evidence in the cáse, and it depended upon the view taken by the jury of the evidence whether the acts, malice, deliberation and intention necessary to constitute murder in the first degree, as defined by the statute, were established. In defining murder in the first degree, the statute provides, that it shall be murder in the first degree where the offense is perpetrated by any kind of willful, deliberate, premeditated killing, or when perpetrated from a deliberate and premeditated design unlawfully and maliciously to effect the death of any human being, or perpetrated by any act greatly dangerous to the lives of others and indicating a depraved mind regardless of' human life. Malice is defined as follows: “Express malice is that deliberate intention unlawfully to take away the life of a fellow creature, and is manifested by external circumstances capable of proof.” “Malice shall be implied when no considerable provocation appears, or when all circumstances of the killing show a wicked and malignant heart.” If the jury believed from the evidence in this case that the appellant indicted the fatal blow with the ax, and made threats to kill her husband on many occasions prior to the killing, thus disclosing the intention and motive of the appellant, the jury would have been warranted in returning a verdict of murder in the first degree, because, if the appellant after making such threats, and stating that she did not want to live with her husband, arose from her bed with the intention of killing the deceased, and actually did kill him under the brutal circumstances disclosed by the evidence, the killing under suck circumstances would be willful, deliberate and premeditated killing, and that there was a premeditated design unlawfully and maliciously to effect the death of the deceased, would be a perfectly legitimate conclusion. The circumstances of the killing also indicated a depraved mind regardless of human life, all of which are clearly within the definition of murder in the first degree. The jury would also be fully warranted in concluding that the killing was malicious within the meaning of the statute of this Territory defining express and implied malice. It was undoubtedly proper, therefore, for the court to submit to the jury an instruction upon the subject of murder in the first degree. 3 The second assignment of error is also practically disposed of by what the court has said as to the above assignments, because it is substantially, that there was no proof that the murder was committed under such circumstances as would warrant a conviction of murder in the second degree, and the court should not have given an instruction in that degree. The propriety of this instruction, was also dependent upon the view of the evidence accepted by the jury. In this case the precise manner in which the blows were inflicted, or the occurrences immediately preceding them, were not proven by an eyewitness to the transaction. The evidence in this case is circumstantial, and there was no eyewitness to the actual manner of the killing. While a case may arise, where the circumstances are so clear and convincing as to warrant the court in instructing the jury as to murder in the first degree alone, and thereby confining their consideration of the evidence to that degree, ordinarily in such case, it is proper for the court to instruct the jury in the other degrees of murder which the evidence tends to prove. This court has had this matter before it on several occasions, and has so held in Salazar v. Territory, 3 N. M. 321; Friday v. Territory, 8 N. M. 208; Aguilar v. Territory, 8 N. M. 502; Padilla v. Territory, 8 N. M. 570. The propriety of this instruction, of' course, depended upon the view taken of the evidence by the jury, especially of the testimony as to various threats to kill the husband, 'which involved the premeditation and maliciousness of the killing. An attempt was made to discredit the testimony of the witness, Leruix, who was the sole witness testifying upon the subject of threats and intention to kill the deceased. The court when instructing the jury in this case, could not determine what view the jury might take of the testimony of this witness, or the other witnesses in'the case. If the jury refused to accept the testimony of this witness as to threats of previous intention to kill, or had reasonable doubts on this subject, it would be apparent to the court, it being in their province to so conclude, that the jury might be unwilling to say in the absence of positive evidence as to the manner of the killing, that the necessary malice and premeditated intention to kill had been shown, but they might still be willing to conclude that the death was effected in a cruel and unusual manner, or by means of a dangerous weapon under such circumstances as would not constitute excusable or justifiable homicide as provided in section 1064, C. L. 1897, defining murder in the second degree. From the fact that the jury found the appellant guilty of murder in the second degree, it is reasonable to conclude that the jury at least had a reasonable doubt of the truth of the testimony of the Avitness, Leruix, and thus concluding they declined to return a verdict of murder in the first degree, and preferred to conclude from the evidence that the killing was done in a cruel and unusual manner, or by means of a dangerous weapon under such circumstances as Avould not constitute excusable or justifiable homicide. It follows, therefore, that the giving of the instruction as to murder in the second degree was not error, under the circumstances of this case. The third assignment of error, that there is no proof disclosing express or implied malice, has been in effect considered and need not be further referred to. The fifth assignment is, that the court erred in its charge in giving to the jury abstract propositions of laAV, without instructing them in the law’s conclusions from the facts which the evidence tended to establish. This assignment does not correctly state the facts disclosed by the record. Counsel base this assignment upon the fact that the court in the fifth paragraph of its instructions set out what constitutes murder, and the different degrees thereof, as the same are defined in the statute, and the court further set out the legal definitions of several technical terms used in the statutory definition of murder, the words “feloniously,” “willfully,” “deliberately^’ “malice,” “express malice,” “implied malice” and “premeditated malice,” and we see no legal objection to the course pursued by the court below in this respect. The law should be set out, and set out correctly in instructions to the jury. Bishop in the first volume of his Criminal Procedure, third edition, section 980, says: “That the charge should state the lawr in its application to the facts already explained correctly and fully. If, for example, there are different degrees of an offense, the law of each degree which the evidence tends to prove should be given, but not of any degree which it docs not tend to prove.” It is not contended that the law was not stated correctly, but the contention is that it is improper to set out the law of murder as the same is defined in the statute. But the second clause of the assignment is clearly incorrect, because the court in paragraphs 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 very clearly and fully applies the law as above defined in paragraph five to the facts in the case, and distinctly informs the jury what facts it is absolutely necessary for them to find, estab-' lished by the evidence and beyond a reasonable doubt, before they would be warranted in finding the appellant guilty of murder in either the first, second, or third degree. Each degree of murder is taken, up in a separate paragraph, and the jury are plainly informed of the distinctive difference between the defined degrees of murder and what facts are essential to be established to warrant a conviction under each degree. The conclusions of the law, as applied to the facts as the jury might determine them, were clearly stated by the court, and in a manner so plain that there could be no misunderstanding. This assignment, therefore, is without foundation, and the charge of the court in this respect was clearly correct. The sixth assignment of error is substantially, that paragraph number five of the court’s instructions to the jury should not have been given. “Because the same is not required by the statute, nor is there any law for giving the same, and the defining of the technical words therein used had a tendency to confuse, the minds of the jury and detract their minds from the main issue and was entirely unnecessary in the case.” It is somewhat difficult to understand this assignment of error. Counsel complain because the court saw7 fit to explain to the jury the technical words used by the statute in defining the crime of murder, and suggest that such a course is calculated to mislead and confuse the jury. How the jury could be misled or confused by an explanation of technical terms which they are not supposed to comprehend without the explanation, we are unable to understand. It seems very clear, that the court in defining and making plain the meaning of the technical words of the statute, instead of misleading and confusing the jury, aided them materially in a proper understanding of the law to which they were required-to apply the facts, and that it can not be error. To thus explain the law so as to bring it clearly within the comprehension of the jury is certainly desirable in the trial of any case, that a jury when called upon to apply the facts to the law, shall clearly understand the meaning of the law to which the facts are to be applied, and especially is this true in regard to technical terms snch as were defined by the court in paragraph five of its instructions. Counsel for appellant do not contend that the definitions given by the court were incorrectly given, but the substance of their position seems to be that it was improper for the court to define these technical terms, even though they' were correctly defined. This position is untenable and the assignment can not be sustained. Thompson on Trials, section 1635-2209; Sackett on Instructions, page 683 et seq.; Leonardo v. Territory, 1 N. M. 298. Counsel for the appellant assign for error all of the instructions of the court from number six to twenty-seven, both inclusive, but there is no attempt by counsel to specify in what respect these instructions were erroneous. All that is said by counsel as to each of these instructions is that the court erred in giving them, numbering them from number six to number twenty-seven, both inclusive. Our statute relating to the taking of exceptions at the trial is found in section 3145, C. L. 1897. “Exception to the decision of the court upon any matter of law arising during the progress of the cause, or to the giving or refusing of instructions, must be taken at the time of such decisions. . . Referring to the record it is found that the only reference to the taking of exceptions to the instructions of the court in this case is in the following words: “Come now the parties in the above-entitled cause, and attended by their counsel, and hear argument of counsel, instructions of the court, to which defendant now excepts, and in charge of a sworn bailiff, retire to deliberate upon their verdict.” This is the only reference to exceptions being taken that we find in the record or bill of exceptions. There is no attempt to specify wherein error exists in the twenty-second paragraph of the! court’s instructions referred to in the motions for new trial and in arrest of judgment, which motions are in the same language, and there being no assignment of errors, the motions last referred to must be relied upon for the specification of any error which the court is required to pass upon. The mere statement in the motions for new trial and in arrest of judgment that, “The court erred in giving instruction number-,” does not in any manner direct the court’s attention to any vice in the instructions, or wherein error exists prejudicial to the appellant. This court has held that it is not incumbent upon this court to search for alleged error, nor will it consider vague and general exceptions, or assignments of error where counsel are either unwilling or unable to indicate specifically wherein error exists. In the case of Pierce v. Strickler, 9 N. M. 467, in referring to vague and general assignments of error, the court says: “Such assignment indicates the opinion of counsel that the court may by its examination discover some errors as to the admission or rejection of evidence upon which a reversal might be had, rather than that error has actually occurred, and that counsel has discovered and relies upon it.” Exceptions taken during the trial of a cause to the rulings of the court and to the instructions, should specify wherein counsel contend the court has erred, in order that the trial court may be given an opportunity to correct error, prior to the close of the trial, if such has occurred or such errors as are relied upon by counsel for the unsuccessful litigant, should be pointed out in the motion for new trial, that a new trial may be granted the unsuccessful party in case error has actually occurred. In this case counsel have not attempted in their motions for new trial and in arrest of judgment, to direct the court’s attention to any specific error in the instructions of the court, except to paragraph five which has been considered. Nor does the record show, that any exception was taken to'the overruling of the motions for new trial and in arrest of judgment. 4 In this case we have felt it incumbent upon us to examine the motion for new trial and in arrest of judgment, to ascertain the errors relied upon by counsel for appellant, and we have considered and disposed of those wherein counsel attempted to specify wherein the error existed. The vague and general exceptions to paragraphs 6 to 27, both inclusive, of the instructions of the court, we decline to review, for the reason that there has been no attempt to designate wherein error existed in either of these paragraphs. Leonardo v. Territory, 1 N. M. 301; Territory v. Yarberry, 2 N. M. 454; Territory v. O’Donnell, 4 N. M. 210. The court is required by the statute to charge the jury of its own motion, and present the case as developed on the trial to the jury, fully and fairly, and while we do not deem it incumbent upon this court to examine the charge of the court fully, because of the vagueness of the exceptions attempted to be taken to all of the instructions, we have examined with some care the charge of the court, and we are of the opinion that the court below in its charge to the jury presented the case in an exceedingly fair, comprehensive and just manner, even from the standpoint of the appellant. The evidence being circumstantial, the court below was very careful to correctly state the law as to circumstantial evidence, and also to point out clearly under what circumstances a conviction of the appellant would be warranted. The court devoted five paragraphs to the presentation of this feature of the case, and charged the jury specifically that where the evidence was circumstantial, the facts proved must not only all be consistent with, and point to, the guilt of the appellant, but must be wholly inconsistent with her innocence. The jury were fully informed that the appellant must be given the benefit of every reasonable doubt, and in the 21st paragráph of the court’s charge, it is distinctly stated that if there is any one single fact proved to the satisfaction of the jury, by a preponderance of the evidence which is inconsistent with the appellant’s gnilt, it would be sufficient, to raise a reasonable doubt and the jury should acquit the appellant, and in order to justify the inference of legal guilt from circumstantial evidence, the existence of the in-culpatory facts must be absolutely incompatible with the innocence of the accused upon any rational theory and incapable of explanation upon any other reasonable hypothesis than that of her guilt. All of the other issues in the case seem to have been presented by the court to the jury in an equally careful and lifcid manner, and the rights of the appellant were carefully guarded in every respect.by the charge of the court. Where the charge of the court presents the whole case fairly and impartially to the jury, the cause will not be reversed upon technical exceptions, or exceptions to isolated portions of the charge. Pinkerton v. Ledoux, 3 N. M. 403. The judgment of the court below will be affirmed with costs. McMillan, Parker and Crumpacker, JJ., concur. Mills, C. J., having heard the case below did not. participate in this opinion.