Territory of New Mexico v. Church

OPINION OF THE COURT. McFIE, J. The indictment is based upon the violation of Section 3, Chapter 3, Laws of 1901, which is as follows: “Sec. 3. It shall be unlawful for the proprietor, keeper or manager of any saloon where intoxicating liquor is kept or offered for sale, or where gambling In any form is carried on or permitted, to permit any minor under the age of twenty-one years or any pupil in any school or educational institution, to loiter upon or frequent the premises belonging to such saloon, or to engage in games or amusements of any kind thereon.” Section 7 of the) same chapter is also pertinent, and provides that: “The word ‘person’ as used in this act, shall be deemed to mean firm or corporation, as well as natural person, and the person managing the business of such firm or corporation shall be liable to the penalties prescribed by this act. And the proprietor or owner of any of the establishments mentioned in this act shall be liable to the penalties prescribed by this act for any violation of its provisions within or at their establishments, whether committed by themselves or by persons in their employ.” Numerous assignments of error appear in the record, hut in as much as more than one of them raise the same question in a different form, it will not be necessary for us to consider each of them separately. The first assignment of error is, that the court erred in overruling the defendant’s motion in arrest of judgment. The indictment in this case omitted to insert the word “did” in the charging part before the words “unlawfully and knowingly allow and permit one Guy C. Clements a minor and student of the New Mexico Military Institute to be and loiter upon and frequent the premises belonging to such saloon, and to engage in games and amusements thereon” etc. No demurrer or motion to quash was filed, attacking the sufficiency of the indictment, but after trial and judgment, a motion in arrest of judgment was interposed, based upon -this omission, as a fatal defect in the indictment. The court below overruled the motion and as counsel for the defendant contends, committed error in so doing. 1 The omission of the word “did” in the charging part of an indictment for a felony, has been held fatal in the State of Texas, and in some other jurisdictions, but in misdemeanors, where a more liberal rule of pleading prevails, such an omission appearing to be purely clerical, is hot deemed fatal, and if desirable for completeness of statement, will be supplied by intendment. In State v. Edwards, 19 Mo. 675, the court said: “The omission in this indictment consists of the neglect to insert the word ‘did’ before the words "assault, beat and maltreat one Stephen L. Page, in the peace then and there being, and other wrongs’, etc., so as to malee the sentence read thus: “With force and violence, in a turbulent and violent manner, ‘did’ assault, beat and maltreat, etc.,’ we are inclined to think that this word ‘did’ may, in this indictment, be supplied by intendment.” “In indictments 'for misdemeanors merely, such intendment is often resorted to. The strictness and rigor in construction of indictments for felonies, are not applied uniformly to indictments for mere misdemeanors. In the case of the State v. Halder, 2 McCord 377, the omission to insert the word ‘did’ before the words ‘Feloniously utteT and publish, dispose and pass’ was held fatal,' and the judgment was arrested. This indictment was for a felony.” “In the case of the State v. Whitney, 15 Ver. 298, which was an indictment for a misdemeanor, selling liquor by the small measure, without license, the word ‘did’ was omitted, which should have been joined with the words ‘sell and dispose of’. This omission was held not to be fatal on motion in arrest of judgment. Berinet, J., in delivering the opinion of the court said: “In this indictment, it is alleged that the respondent, on the first day of August A. D., 1842, at .... etc., sell and dispose of, etc. It is evident that the omission is purely a clereial one; the auxiliary verb may be supplied by intendment.” People v. Duford, 66 Mich. 91; Shay v. The People, 22 N. Y. 317. 8 The omission from the indictment in the present case, is so obviously clerical, that it cannot reasonably be said that the defendant was mislead or prejudiced in pleading to the indictment and going to trial, and it is too late, in a case of misdemeanor, for the defendant to raise this question for the first time, by motion in -arrest of judgment. In the case of People v. Duford, 66 Mich. 90, the court said: “If the word‘did’HAD BEEN USED IN THE PLACE OP ‘was’, after the word sitúate’ and before ‘wilfully’ it would have charged the offense positively upon the respondent. This mistake, we think, should be regarded as clereial and formal, and one which did not mislead, or result to the respondent’s prejudice; especially should this be so held in view of the fact that the complaint upon which he was arrested contained the charge correctly stated. If the respondent desired to take advantage of the défect relied upon, he should have demurred or moved to quash.” As to whether the omission of the word “did”, as in the indictment in this case, would be fatal hr not,' we do not decide, but as the charge is a misdemeanor only and the punishment assessed a fine of fifty dollars and costs, we are of opinion that the court did not err in overruling the motion in arrest of judgment. In the second, third, fourth and fifth assignments, it is charged that the court committed error in excluding testimony offered in behalf of the defendant to the effect that the defendant had forbidden minors to loiter in his saloon premises; that he had instructed his employees not to allow minors to loiter about his saloon and has so instructed O’Conner who was in charge of the roulette wheel at the time Guy C. Clements was in the saloon. The contention of the defendant is, that his good faith evidenced by such instructions to minors and employees constitutes a good defense. The court below excluded this testimony as immaterial on the ground that the same would not constitute a defense. 4 In Carroll v. The State, 63 Md. 551, the court said: 2 “The fact that he (Saloon-keeper) has given orders- not to sell to minors, only shows a tona fide intent to obey the law, which all the authorities say is immaterial in determining guilt.” In McCutchen v. The People, 91 Ill. 496, the court said: “Where in the absence of a saloon-keeper, a sale of liquor is made by his bar-tender, the directions of the former not to sell to minors will not exempt him from liability for the sale.” Mugler v. State, 47 Ark. 110; Waller v. State, 38 Ark. 656; Loeb v. Georgia, 75 Georgia 258; Riley v. State, 43 Miss. 397; Dudley v. Sautbine, 49 Iowa 650; Mugler v. Kansas, 128 U. S. 623. The instruetions of the defendant, tending to show his good faith did not constitute a defense, and the court properly excluded this testimony. The second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth assignments of error are made the basis of contention by defendant’s counsel, as stated in his brief, that “the principal is not liable under the statute for the act of his employee unless he had knowledge of such act; nor is he liable if the act is ‘committed by the employee against the -order of the principal and without his knowledge.” 3 4 This would doubtless be a correct statement of the law under a statute which made the intention to commit, an essential ingredient of the crime. Our statute provides that “The proprietor or owner of any of the establishments men" tioned in this act shall be liable to the penalties prescribed by this act for any violations of its provisions within or at their establishments, whether committed by themselves or by persons in their employ.” It is clear from this provision of the statute that intent to commit, is not made an essential element of the crime, nor is it provided that it shall be knowingly done. The indictment in this ease uses the word “knowingly,” but as the statute does not require it, it must be treated as surplusage. In the case of Carroll v. State, supra, the Supreme Court of Maryland said: “If intent is not an ingredient in the offense, it logically follows that it must be immaterial whether such orders are given or not, for he who does by another that which he cannot lawfully do in person, must be responsible for the agent’s acts. In fact, it is his act. It cannot be, that by setting another to do his work, and occupying himself elsewhere or otherwise, he can reap tlie benefit of his agent’s sales and escape the consequences of his agent’s conduct. It would be impossible effectually to enforce a statute of .this kind if that were allowed, and it would speedily become a dead letter.” 5 This language was used by the court in a case where the charge was selling liquor to minors, but we see no difference in the principle involved. Our statute specifically provides, that the act of the employee shall be the act of the proprietor or owner of. saloons where liquors are sold or gambling is permitted, and it is the proprietor or owner who is declared liable both for his own and his employee’s acts and negligence. The evidence showed that Guy C. Clements, a minor, was in the saloon of the defendant for about thirty minutes on one occasion, and while there, he participated in gambling which was being carried on in the saloon, and the evidence shows, also, that this minor was in the saloon of the defendant on more than one occasion, and other minors and students were also in the saloon at the same times. There is no evidence in the record disclosing any effort to prevent these minors from entering the place, nor to prevent them from remaining there after they had entered. It was proven, therefore, that Guy C. Clements, both a min- or and a student of the New Mexico Military Institute, did frequent and loiter in the saloon of the defendant, which was also proven to be a place where intoxicating liquors were kept and offered for sale, and where gambling was carried on. When this defendant procured a license to conduct that saloon, he obligated himself to conduct it in obedience to law and one.of the existing requirements of law was that minors and students should not be permitted to loiter upon or frequent the defendant’s saloon premises. The defendant was under obligation to see that this law was obeyed, and if he chose to leave others in charge of his saloon he is liable for their failure to do what the law requires. This question is fully considered and a long line of authorities examined by the court in the case of State v. Kittelle, 110. N. C. 560, and among other things the court in considering a.statute quite similar to ours, but in relation to the sale of liquors to minors, said: “When regulations are imposed, as in this case, the licensee is criminally liable for their non-obseryance. The defendant was found by the county commissioners 'qualified’, and n license was issued to him upon the personal trust that he would conduct the business acording to the regulations. The sale here made to a minor was a violation of that trust, and a violation of law. It is no defense that the defendant had no intention to violate the law.'Good intentions’ ‘are said by the proverb to be the pavement of another place, but they are not a sound one for a bar-room. The law has been violated. It looks to the man it intrusted with the management of this business, and holds him liable. It is immaterial whether his liability is based upon his negligence in permitting the sale, or upon the principle of agency, or upon both, for the defendant is liable for a negligent sale from insufficient supervision of an agent, as much as if he had ordered the sale. If the clerk, as Judge Cooley says, supra,, being in possession of the keys, opened the saloon on Sunday for traffic, the licensee could not excuse himself from liability by Ms absence or ignorance, nor can he do so in the present case of a salé to the minor by being temporarily absent from the room. The defendant chose to seek for and assume the liabilities of the calling of a saloon-keeper that he might enjoy its profits. He cannot bo allowed to enjoy its profits and assign its duties and liabilities to another.” In the ease of People v. Roby, 52 Mich. 577, the conviction of the owner was sustained where his clerk in cleaning out the saloon on Sunday, sold a drink of liquor without the knowledge or consent of the owner. In deciding that ' case, Chief Justice Cooley said: “As a rule, there can be no crime without a criminal intent, but this is by no means a universal rule. One may be guihy of the high crime of manslaughter, when his only fault is gross negligence, and there are many other cases where mere neglect may be highly criminal. Many statutes which are in the nature of police regulations, as is this, impose criminal penalties irrespective of any intent to violate them, the purpose being to require a degree of diligence for the protection of the public which shall render violation impossible.” These observations are deemed equally applicable to the-present case, as our statute may be properly designated a police regulation also. In State v. Privett, 49 N. C. 100, the court instructed the jury to the effect “that if the principal instructed his clerk not to sell, he would not be liable for the sale by the clerk, unless such instructions had been abrogated expressly or by a course of conduct which would tacitly amount to the same.” When this cas.e was before the Supreme Court,, speaking of this instruction, the court said, that the defendant could not complain of it, because it was in his favor, but the court took occasion to express its disapproval of the instructions by saying that if they are to have the effect given them by the charge in this case, and in the-argument of defendant's counsel, the act under which this prosecution is had will be very easily evaded.” This language indicates that the court would have reversed the-ease if it could have done so. Bearing upon this general proposition, see also, Noecker v. People, 91 Ill. 494; McCutcheon v. People, 69 Ill. 606; Mugler v. State, 47 Ark. 110; Loeb v. Georgia, 75 Ga. 258; Snider v. State, 81 Ga. 753; Riley v. State, 43 Miss. 397; Dudley v. Sautbine, 49 Iowa 650; People v. Blake, 52 Mich. 566. 6 It is suggested by counsel for defendant, that Mr. O’Conner wlio was in charge of the roulette wheel, was not shown) to have been an employee of the defendant at the time Clements was in the saloon, and the defendant being ■ absent, there could be no conviction. It having appeared in the evidence that this gambling device was In the defendant’s saloon, and that O’Conner was operating it, and at least one witness testified that he believed he saw a bar-keeper there when he came in, and asi the defendant, who was possessed of the knowledge, as to whether these parties were employees of his or not, failed to testify that they were not employees, although he gave evidence in the case, the jury were warranted in concluding that employees of the defendant were present, and granted permission, bjr failing to exclude these minors from the place, as was their duty to do. The rulings as to evidence and the tenth and eleventh paragraphs of the court’s instructions, authorizing conviction for acts of employees without the knowledge or consent of the defendant, and notwithstanding his Instructions to them, seem to be fully sustained by the weight of authority. The eighth assignment of error challenges the refusal of the court to give instructions one, two and three requested on behalf of the defendant. As to these instructions, counsel in his brief says, that “if given to the jury, would have enabled it to have passed on the good faith of the defendant in seeking to obey the law, and the jury would have been compelled to find the defendant not guilty under the testimony.” As has been stated in another part of this opinion, good faith of the defendant does not constitute a legal defense, and while the court, in a case where it has discretion, may consider good faith in assessing the punishment, evidence tending to show good faith does not enter into the question of whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty, the sole question which the jury are authorized to determine. These instructions were therefore properly refused. 7 The ninth and tenth assignments cannot be sustained for reasons heretofore stated. They are based upon the view that O’Connor was not an employee of the defendant. The court submitted the question to the jury as to whether the offense was committed by employees or not and in. the eleventh and twelfth instructions given by the court of its own motion, the court plainly informed the jury that there could be no conviction unless the jury believed from the evidence and beyond a reasonable doubt, that the offense charged was committed by the defendant or one of his employees. The instructions requested by the defendant, were not broad enough, in that they limited the issue to Mr. O’Conner who was in charge of the roulette game authorized to be conducted in the defendant’s saloon. 9 The assignment that the indictment was not sufficiently specific is not well taken, because this objection was not raised by démurrer, motion to quash, or by motion in arrest of judgment. The overruling of the motion for a new trial, was not assigned as error in this court, and is therefore not before us. There being no error in the record, the judgment of the court below is affirmed with costs. It is so ordered.