Territory of New Mexico v. West

OPINION OP THE COURT. McFIE, J. The case .is now in this court on appeal by the defendant in the court below, from the judgment and sentence rendered upon the verdict of guilty returned by the jury, upon the second trial of the cause. Upon the trial below,' the court gave the jury the follpwing instruction relating solely to the plea of former acquittal: “To this charge the defendant has interposed two pleas, one of a former acquittal, and the other the plea of not guilty. As to the first plea the court charges you that under the law as applied to the facts the same is not sustained by the evidence and your findings thereon must bo in favor of the Territory. This leaves for jrour determination solely the issue as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant, and as to this I charge you that the defendant by his plea of not guilty herein has imposed upon the Territory the burden of proving each and all of the material allegations of the indictment to your satisfaction and beyond a reasonable doubt.” The giving of this instruction is assigned as error upon the ground that it withdrew from the jury a question of fact which it was their sole province to determine. The plea of former acquittal is based upon the facts, that another indictment was returned against the defendant at the same term of court, by the same grand jury, making the' same charge against the defendant, except as to the animals and the ownership thereof. In one indictment the animal alleged to have been stolen, was a horse owned by William R. Potter, whereas in the other indictment it was alleged to be a horse owned by Lem Tanner. The record shows that the defendant was tried twice for the stealing of the Tanner horse, that upon the first trial the jury was unable to agree and were discharged, without objection but there is nothing in the record or testimony which shows that any proceedings were had, other than the finding of the indictment and its return, under the .charge against the defendant for the theft of the Potter horse. The indictment for the stealing of the Potter horse is the one set up in the plea of former acquittal, and there being absolutely nothing in the record to show any further proceedings in that case, it is difficult to find error in the court’s instruction upon that issue. 1 There was a replication filed to this plea which was in its nature an affirmative plea and the weight of authority is to the effect that Uio burden is upon the defendant to sustain it. Bishop’s Cr. Pr., Vol. 1, See. 816; Davidson et al. v. State, 40 Tex. Cr. R. 285; Fehr v. State, 36 Tex. Cr. R. 93; Willis v. State, 24 Tex. App. 586; Commonwealth v. Daley, 70 Mass. (4th Gray) 209; State v. Williams (Wash.) 86 Pac. 847. 2 4 Where under such a plea a trial is had, the conflicting evidence is introduced, a mixed question of law and fact arises for the determination of a jury, but where the defendant offers a special plea such as former acquittal, and the prosecution denies the facts alleged, and the defendant offers no evidence to support the plea, the court-may direct'the jury to find for the Territory on such plea, there being no question of fact for the jury’s consideration. Ed. Morton v. The State, 37 Tex. Cr. 131; Oakley v. The State, 135 Ala. 29; Johnson v. State, 34 Tex. Cr. 115; Commonwealth v. Brown, Pa., Super. Ct. R. 296. The case of Territory of New Mexico v. Kee, 5 N. M. 510, and the other cases cited in appellants brief, do not relate to an issue raised by plea of former acquittal, but to the trial of the main ease under the plea of not guilty. 3 It is well settled, that the court cannot direct the jury to find the defendant guilty, no matter how clear and undisputed the testimony may be, but those authorities are not in point upon the issue raised by a plea of former acquittal and replication denying the facts stated in the plea, where there is no attempt to support the plea by proof. The second assignment alleging error, relates to the court’s instruction No. 23, which is in the following language : “You are instructed that the witnesses, Jim Brown, and Jake Neatherlin, are what is known in the law as accomplices, and while it is a rule of law that a person accused of crime may be convicted upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, still a jury should always act upon such testimony with great care and caution, and subject it to careful examination, in the light of all other evidence in the case, and you ought not to convict upon such testimony alone, unless, after a careful examination of the same you are satisfied of the truth thereof and are satisfied thereby beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty as charged. “But if on the other hand such testimony carries conviction and the jury are convinced of its truth they should give it the same effect as would be allowed to a witness who is in no respect implicated in the offense charged.” It is objected that in stating in that instruction that Jim Brown and Jalee Neatherlin are what is known as accomplices the court decides a question of fact which should have been left to the jury. Counsel for the defendant refers to onty one case in support of this assignment; that of Heivner v. People, 43 Pac. 1047, Colo. An examination of this case shows, that the court does not cite any other cases in support of the views therein expressed. The case at bar is one where the testimony on both sides shows that, the witnesses, Brown and Neatherlin, were accomplices. There is no dispute as to this fact and counsel for the defendant upon the trial recognized this to be true, by requesting the court to give four instructions in almost the identical language of the court’s instruction above set out. Instruction No. 12, requested by the defendant is as follows: “The defendant requests the court to give to the jury the following instruction: “ Non are instructed that the witness Jim Brown is what is known in law as an accomplice, and while it is a rule of law that a person accused of a crime may be convicted upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, still a jury should always act hpon such testimony with great care and caution, and subject it to careful, examination, in the light of all other evidence, in the case, you ought not to convict upon such testimony alone, unless, after a careful examination of such testimony you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt of its truth and that you can safely- rely upon said testimony.’ ” In this and also in Nos. 16, 18, 20 of the instructions requested' by the defendant, the court is asked to charge in the same form so far as accomplices are concerned. 5 The court adopted the request in this respect and now it is assigned for error. Under those circumstances the assignment will not be considered by this court. 6 Where the evidence is undisputed it is not error for the court to instruct the jury that a witness is an accomplice. People v. Sternberg (Calif.) 43 Pac. 198; Sessions v. State, 37 Tex. Cr. R. 58; Hatcher v. State 43 Tex. Cr. R. 237; Wilkerson v. State, 57 S. W. 956; Torres v. State, 53 S. W. 828. 7 There was a general exception to this instruction in the court below, but it was not excepted to upon -the ground stated in the assignment of error, nor was it objected to upon that ground in the motion for a new trial. Not having been brought to the attention of the court in the court below, it cannot be properly assigned as error in this court. 8 The third assignment of error, is not sustained by the facts disclosed in the record. The error alleged is “That during the progress of the trial in said case, the judge of said court, without declaring an adjournment of court, and without suspending proceedings in said trial absented himself. from the court room and left said trial to proceed and said court to conduct'itself without a judge on the bench.” It is, of course, essential that the judge of the court trying a criminal ease shall be present during all of the proceedings; and if he desires to retire from the court room, proceedings in the case should bo suspended. This is too well settled to require the citation of authorities. The facts as disclosed by the affidavits of Ballard and Gillespie, are, that the judge arose from his seat and said “The court will be absent for a few minutes.” Counsel for the defendant being engaged in consultation at the time, doubtless, did not hear the announcement of the court and was' proceeding to propound a question when the sheriff, Mr. Ballard, informed counsel that the court was absent and all proceedings ceased until the return of the judge, and no objection was made upon his return nor exceptions reserved. Counsel for the defendant cite quite a number of cases on this point, and while they are good law as applied to the facts in those cases, the facts are very different from those in this case. In the case of Thompson v. The People, 144 Ill. 378, the judge was absent during the entire closing argument, and the defendant’s counsel made numerous objections to statements of the District Attorney in his closing argument. This was properly held prejudicial to the defendant. In State v. Beuerman, 53 Pac. 874 (Kan.) the court was absent ten minutes while the arguments were proceeding, and the court held that' if proceedings were going on during his absence that he could not see or hear he could not act intelligently upon the motion for new trial, and it was prejudicial to the defendant. In Hayes v. State, 58 Ga. 35, it was held prejudicial for tbe court to .be absent during the examination of witnesses, but in a later case in the same court, State v. Pritchett, 92 Ga. 65, the court refused to grant a new trial on the ground of the absence of the judge, because ii did not appear from the record that any injury resulted to the defendant therefrom. In Turbeville v. State, 56 Miss. 793, the court declined to reverse a judgment because the record failed to show that the court relinquished control over the case. These eases all appear in the brief of the appellant. On the other hand, the attorney general, for the Territory contends, that the court will not reverse a case for absence of the judge during the progress of a trial and without suspending proceedings unless it appears that the defendant was prejudiced by such action or was out of hearing in the proceedings in the court room so as t- lose control of the case. These contentions seem to b ■ sustained by a decided weight of authority. The following are some of the cases fully sustaining the contentions of the attorney general. State v. Porter, 105 Iowa 677; Murphy v. People, 19 Ills. App. 125; Scott v. State, 85 S. W. 1060; Gabler v. State, (Texas 1906) 95 S. W. 521; State v. Smith, 49 Con. 376; Rutter v. Territory (Okla.) 68 Pac. 507; Ermlick v. State (Miss.) 28 Southern 847; Rowe v. People, 26 Colo. 542; Schintz v. People, 178 Ill. 320. 9 In all of these eases the judge was absent from the court room during the examination of witnesses or the arguments, but it was held in some of the cases that the judge could hear what was going on in the court room, or that nothing prejudicial to the defendant was done during the absence of the judge. In the case now under consideration, it may be properly said that the judge suspended the proceedings before leaving the court room, for it is entirely too technical to contend that proceedings could continue after the announcement of the judge, that he would be absent for a few minutes. 10 It further appears that proceedings were actually suspended until the return of the court. The most that can be said is that counsel for the defendant began to propound a question, it is not even said that counsel finished the question, hut it is certain that no answer was made by the witness. It is not possible, therefore, that the defendant was prejudiced by any proceedings had during the absence of the judge and hence, no error was committed. The fourth assignment of error having been. abandoned by appellant’s counsel at the time of the hearing, we pass to the consideration óf the fifth assignment, which alleges error in the giving of paragraph 18 of the court’s instructions. The paragraph objected to is as follows: “You are instructed that before you can convict the defendant in this case upon the charge of receiving stolen property, it is necessary that you should believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that at the time the defendant received the horse described in this indictment he knew the same had been stolen .from the true owner thereof, and that he received the same with the fraudulent intent of depriving the true owner of the immediate possession thereof.” There was no exception saved to the giving of this paragraph of the court’s charge. 11 There were general exceptions taken.to several of the prior paragraphs including 17, but the. next paragraph to which exception is taken is No. 22. The failure to except to paragraph 18 is admitted in the motion for a new trial. There must be exception taken, that the attention of the court may be drawn to the error, complained of, that opportunity may be given to make corrections at the proper time, and as a basis for review in this court. Padilla v. Territory, 8 N. M. 562; Territory v. Watson, 12 N. M. 419. Counsel for the defendant noted an exception to the refusal of the court to give their requested instruction No. 6. Paragraph 18 of the court’s charge, and defendant’s ■ requested instruction No. 6, are in identical language, word for word. 12 13 The court properly refused to give defendant’s instruction No. 6 as he had given it in his own charge. Counsel excepted to'this refusal oí the court, and thus in effect, excepted to their own instruction, and, at any rate, an instruction quite favorable to the defendant. In such case there can be no reversal. 14 The paragraph, even if properly, excepted to, would be sustained as correct under the facts of this case. In support of the sixth assignment, of error, counsel for the defendant contend, that the court “erred in overruling the motion of the defendant, made during the progress of the trial, to require the Territory to advise the defendant which of the several transactions shown by the evidence the Territory would rely upon for conviction.” The evidence does show that the horses were stolen by these parties on more than one occasion, in fact, disclosing a systematic purpose on the part of Neatherlin, Brown and the defendant to steal and sell horses but ,the defendant alone was on trial for bis participation therein. 15 Where crime is committed in a systematic manner, it is competent to prove other similar transactions occurring at different times and places as tending to show intent or motive of the accused. In People v. Mollineaux (N. Y.) 62 L. R. A. in monograph note on page 357, it is said that “in order to convict of certain crimes it is necessary and material to introduce proof of the wicked intent, or guilty knowledge of the accused, and in such case and for the purpose of showing such intent evidence may be given of a distinct offence not. laid in the indictment or information. And such evidence of intent is also' competent and admissible in cases where it is not essential.” Wigmore on Evidence, vol. 1, secs. 300, 315, 316; Wharton on Criminal Evidence, secs. 30, 40 and 45; Underhill on Criminal Evidence, sec. 38; United States v. Wood, 16 Peters, 360; United States v. Wood, 14 Peters 430; Ins. Co. v. Armstrong, 117 U. S. 591; Allis v. United States, 155 U. S. 119; Moore v. United States, 150 U. S. 60. 16 While the testimony did refer to the actions of the parties in the stealing and selling of horses at different times, it was competent as tending to show the knowledge and intent of the defendant as to the horse of Lem Tanner, found in his possession. 17 There was no bill of particulars asked for, so far as the record shows, and, therefore, the knowledge and intent of the defendant were questions of fact for the consideration of the jury upon all the evidence in the case. The 7th assignment of error relates to the admission of a conversation between.the defendant and the witness Neatherlin, eight or ten days after the defendant had obtained possession of the horse mentioned in the indictment. The testimony referred to is found on page 192 of the record and is as follows: “Q. Did he see you the next morning? A. No sir, I seen him that night. He came around and told me Jim Brown was arrested. He said 1 think we can get him out in the morning. He said I stand in pretty well with the sheriff.” 18 This testimony was admitted without objection, and there was no motion made to strike it out. Hnder those circumstances, this assignment of error will not be considered by this court. 19 The last alleged error is, 'that the verdict is contrary to law and contrary to the evidence. So far as this objection relates to the evidence, this court after referring to numerous cases, stated the rule to be as follows: “Ordinarily, neither the verdict of a jury nor the findings of fact of a trial court will be disturbed in this court when they are supported by any substantial evidence.” Candelaria v. Miera, 13 N. M. 360. 20 There was abundant evidence in this case to warrant the jury in returning the verdict they did return, finding the defendant guilty of receiving stolen property. While, possibly, the evidence would have sustained a verdict for the theft of the animal, the jury had the right to believe such witnesses as they saw fit. They may, therefore have believed that the defendant purchased the animal, and still found that he knew it was a stolen animal at the time he purchased it. The evidence was, that the defendant knew Brown and Neatherlin, and knew that they were engaged in stealing horses on a large scale. These horses were driven into-Boswell in the evening with defendant’s knowledge; the defendant took a bill of sale for the Tanner animal from Brown under the assumed name of Jones; the horses were driven out of town early the next morning; instead of shipping the animals from Boswell, by the'defendant’s instructions, the bunch of horses, hearing numerous brands one of which was the Tanner, were driven overland two hundred miles and shipped from a point connected with Boswell by railroad, and the defendant, who was shown to be well informed on the subject of branding stock, gave the brands of the animals to Mr. Booth, the inspector, one of which brands was the TANB brand of Mr. Tanner. This proof, and much more equally damaging, by showing the defendant’s guilty knowledge, brings this case clearly within the rule above stated. The suggestion of counsel for the defendant, that the intent shown was to steal, and did not extend to the receiving of stolen property is not impressive in view of the testimony produced at the trial. That the verdict is not contrary to the law sufficiently appears' from what has been said and needs no further discussion. The judgment of the court below will be affirmed with costs. It is so ordered.