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CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND AND EL PASO RAILWAY COMPANY v. JACOB WERTHEIM
OPINION OP THE COURT.
POPE, 'C. J.—
(After making the foregoing statement of the facts.) — The only assignment of error relates to the rejection of the testimony to be now mentioned. Upon the trial the witness Franklin was introduced, who testified that by reason of being the New Mexico attorney for the defendant he passed on the lease between that company and the El Paso and Southwestern system of which he was assistant general attorney and that he also had charge of the settlement of claims over the’ portion of the railroad (from Tucumcari to Santa Eosa) here involved and had frequent occasion to advise with reference to the operation of that section of thé railroad; and that being thus in daily touch with these matters he knew who was operating the road between the points above named. With this preliminary proof it was sought to be shown by the witness that the defendant was not operating or in charge of the track and equipment between Tucumcari and Santa Eosa at the date of the alleged injury. This was objected to on the grounds that the witness had not shown the proper qualification to testify, that the answer involved the contents of a written lease and that the evidence was not admissible under defendant’s answer. The ’ objection was sustained and we are asked to review the action of the court in declaring this testimony inadmissible. We find it unnecessary to determine the correctness of this ruling upon the first two objections urged, for we deem the third — that the testimony was not admissible under the pleadings— well taken. The -answer, as we have seen, was a denial on information and belief. While this tendered an issue upon some of the matters set up in the complaint' it did not have this effect as to the allegation that the defendant was operating the line of road at the place and time in question.
1 This was a matter necessarily within the knowledge of the defendant and as to such the law does not permit a denial upon information and belief. 31 Cyc. 201; Weil v. Crittenden, 139 Cal. 488, 73 Pac. 238; Smith v. Stubbs, 16 Colo. App. 130, 63 Pac. 955.
Such a pleading raises no issue of fact. Humphreys v. McCall, 9 Cal. 59; Ord v. Steamer Uncle Sam, 13 Cal. 370; Loveland v. Garner, 74 Cal. 298; Crane Bros. Co. v. Morse, 49 Wis. 368; Carpenter v. Momsen, 92 Wis. 449; Carpenter v. Rolling, 107 Wis. 559; Nashville Co. v. Carrico, 95 Ky. 489, 26 S. W. 177; Avery v. Stewart, 136 N. C. 426, 68 L. R. A. 776; Raymond v. Johnson, 17 Wash. 232, 61 A. S. R. 908; Ensley v. Page, 13 Col. App. 452; Howard v. Maysville Co., 24 Ky. Law Rep. 1051, 70 S. W. 631; Gribble v. Columbus Co., 100 Cal. 67, 34 Pac. 527.
2 Nor do we. consider that the plaintiff waived the question by going to trial without attacking the form of the answer. While the general rule is that an objection to a pleading may be waived by failure to urge the objection at the proper time or by any act which in legal contemplation implies an intention to overlook the defect (31 Cyc. 717; Keator Lumber Co. v. Thompson, 144 U. S. 434; Pring v. Goldenburg, [N. M.] 107 Pac. 529), we find no such failure and no such act here. Neither a motion for judgment on the pleadings nor a demurrer was available as against the answer for it contained denials which, although upon information and belief, were good, as for instance the denials as to the ownership of the premises and the suffering of damage. These preliminary methods of attack were therefore not open to plaintiff. Upon the trial plaintiff did not by his proofs go into the question of who was operating that part of the line nor recognize that as an issue, and when the defendant, by this line of proof, sought to make it an issue the objection now considered, based upon the pleadings, was promptly made, thus giving defendant notice of the question raised and of the desirability of an amendment. There is nothing-in this to indicate a waiver of the objection or an. acquiescence in the defective jfieading as sufficient. 31 Cyc. 723; Rogers v. St. Paul, 86 Minn. 98.
On the other hand the form of the answer lacks much of giving the plaintiff .that notice which onr code system guarantees to parties as to the issues to be insisted upon. An insistence upon this by the courts aids to economy in the preparation of cases and to certainty and dispatch in the administration of justice.
We are aware that there are one or two Minnesota cases holding, contrary to the views here expressed, that advantage of a defect in pleading such as this must be made in advance of trial and not by an objection to evidence. Smalley v. Isaacson, 40 Minn. 450; Schroeder v. Capehart, 49 Minn. 525.
The latter case seems the more nearly in point. In that case, however, it will be noted that the court’s decision proceeds at least in part upon the ground that the matter denied upon information was not necessarily within the knowledge of the defendant. But whatever be the basis of these contrary decisions we deem them not in accord with the modern ideas of pleading. The face to face contest and not the masked battery typifies the latter.
The judgment is affirmed.