Rapp v. Venable

OPINION' OF THE COURT. McFIE, J. The assignments of error, though several in number, raise but one question for the consideration of this court, and that is the unconstitutionality of the act of the Territorial Legislature above referred to. The court below having upheld the act of the Legislature, its decision is attacked as erroneous for two reasons. First, the act creates a monopoly and is therefore void under section 1 ’ of the 14th amendment to the Gonstitution of tlie United States; and second, because it is in violation of chapter 818 of the Acts of Congress vf 1886, 24 U. S. Statutes at Large 170, commonly known as the “Springer Act,” prohibiting the enactment of special or local laws in certain cases. The provision of the 14th amendment to which reference is made is as follows: “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” That the Constitution of the United States applies to the territories, as asserted by counsel for appellant, is true; and if the act of the legislature above referred to is in violation of the terms of the 14th amendment thereto, it must give way as a void enactment. The vice alleged to exist in the Territorial act is found in the closing sentence of section 2, “but this section shall not apply to any saloons previously established.” It is urged that the use of the words "previously established” .creates a monopoly and therefore deprives appellant of the equal protection of the laws. Unless this provision of the act, when properly construed, necessarily accomplishes this result it is not perceived in what manner this act could be obnoxious to the 14-th amendment, as the evident purpose of the act is to prohibit the establishment and licensing of saloons within five miles of any United States Sanatorium and within certain distances of military reservations and the territorial educational institutions. The exercise of the police power under the enactment of similar laws for the benefit and protection of educational institutions has been sustained by the courts in a large majority of the states and we see no valid or constitutional objection to the application of such laws for the benefit and protection of a Sanatorium of the United States. Under the Organic Act, which stands as a constitution' for this Territory, the power of the legislature extends to all rightful subjects of legislation, not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States. Organic Act, See. 7. In many réspects the legislature of New Mexico has more power than those of the states as those of the states are subject to many limitations placed upon them' by state consitutions that do not exist in the territories. 1 It has been repeatedly held that state legislatures have power to regulate or prohibit absolutely the sale of intoxicating liquors and may prohibit the manufacture of them, without violating the 14th amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and it has been furher held that such statutes do not deny the equal protection of the laws or abridge the privileges or immunities of the citizen, nor do they deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law. Bartemeyer v. Iowa, 18 Wall. 129; Beer Co. v. Mass., 97 U. S. 25; Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S. 623; Foster v. Kansas, 112 U. S. 205; Kidd v. Pearson, 128 U. S. 1; Crowley v. Christensen, 127 U. S. 86; Gray v. Comm., 159 U. S. 74; Cronin v. Adams, 192 U. S. 114; Lawton v. Steele, 152 U. S. 133. It was held in United States v. Ronan, 33 Fed. 117, that statutes restricting or prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors within certain localities are constitutional. In Jordan v. Evansville, 163 Ind. 516, an ordinance establishing a four mile limit was declared constitutional. In Webster v. State, 110 Tenn. 505, the court upheld a law forbidding sales of liquor within four miles of institutions of learning. In Whitney v. Township Board, 71 Mich. 244, the court upheld a law forbidding the sale of intoxicants within one mile of a Soldiers Home. In State v. Banninger, 110 N. C. 527, the court sustained an act of the legislature of that state prohibiting the sale of liquors within three miles of an Orphans Home. In Crawley v. Christensen, supra, the Supreme Court of the United States, says: “But the possession and enjoyment of all rights are subject to such reasonable conditions as may be deemed by the governing authority of the country essential to the safety, health, peace, good -order and •morals of the community. Even liberty, itself, the great-eat of all rights, is not unrestricted license to act according to one’s own will. This case states in concise form the basis of the police power and the reasons for the wide-range of its application. Regulations such as are above indicated have been most frequently upheld notwith,standing they excepted certain specific persons and business, within certain localities from the operation thereof. Decie v. Brown, 167 Mass. 290; State v. Stoval, 103 N. C. 416; Meyer v. Baker, 120 Ills. 567; Comm. v. Petri, 28 Ky. Law 940. The last case above referred to suggests the proper-construction to be placed upon our statute and was based, in part at least, upon facts quite similar to the facts in the case now under consideration. In the Kentucky -case Dan Petri applied to the county court for a license to sell liquors -at retail within the district of the Highlands. The license was refused and Petri appealed to the Campbell County Circuit Court in which court his counsel attacked the validity of See. 11 of the Statute of Kentucky relating to liquor licenses wherein it provided: “In said district no person without- a license from said board (of trustees), except the taverns now existing on the Campbell turnpike road, may set up or engage in the business of retailing or making intoxicating liquors,” etc. Tt was contended that this law was void because it discriminated in favor of and conferred special rights or privileges upon the owners of taverns situated on the Campbell turnpike road. The Supreme Court of Kentucky in disposing of this contention said: ' “The position of appellant, that section 11 is void because it seems to discriminate in favor of and confer special rights upon the owners of the taverns on the Campbell turnpike road, is untenable. This exception was placed in the act merely to protect the rights of the owners of those taverns which were being operated under license at the time the act was passed. The object was to prevent a forfeiture of 'the licenses then in existence. The exception could only operate until the annual license expired, and it has had no force or effect, since the expiration of one year from the date of the approval of the act of 1872.”' The taverns referred to in the Kentucky case were saloons conducted under that name and therefore the attack upon that law was identical with that now being made in the present case. The theory of the appellants in both cases is that the saloons in existence at the time the laws were enacted and which were excepted from the operation created a monopoly and conferred special privileges in that the excepted saloons, were authorized to continue in business indefinitely, while other saloons were prohibited. The Kentucky court in its decision exposes the fallacy of that position and at the same time states the solid foundation for the exceptions found in these statutes. The record in this case does not show that there were any saloons at the town of Central and within five miles of the United States Sanatorium, at Fort Bayard, at the time the law of 1905 was enacted, but it was admitted on the trial in the lower court, that there were two such saloons in the town of Central and within the five mile limit at the time that act was approved, and for the purposes of this hearing, the same admissipn is made in this court. But admitting that there were two saloons established there at the time and that the act was not to apply to them it does not follow that a monopoly was thereby created. Saloons are licensed in this Territory of which fact the legislature was aware. If two saloons were being- conducted in Central we must presume that they were licensed, as none other could lawfully exist there. 2 3 It is the duty of this court to sustain the act if by a reasonable and proper construction it can be done. ' That. construction which declares the legislative intent is, of course, the proper one. That the legislature intended to create a monopoly by perpetuating the previously established saloons indefinitely, is not fair to the legislature to conclude. It is much more reasonable to conclude that the legislative intent was to recognize the validity' of the legally issued licenses, under which such saloons were being conducted during the term of their existence, without any intention whatever to grant a perpetual right of renewal, or of being continued without license. It was clearly within the legislative power to so provide and the recognition of the validity of existing licenses furnishes a reasonable and just basis for the proviso in the act, and renders untenable the contention of appellant .that ■the act is void in that it creates a monopoly. It cannot be fairly understood that the reference to saloons in this act is to the building and paraphernalia without regard to the license which is indispensible to its legal existence in this Territory. It is true that in the first part of the section the establishment and conducting of a saloon is forbidden, but toward the close of the same section it is said “and no license shall issue for such purpose..” Thus making the saloon and its license inseparable. The scope of the act is that no saloons shall be conducted after the passage of the act, nor shall any license be issued for such purpose. 4 The main purpose of this section of the Act of 1905, was to prohibit the licensing or conducting of saloons within five miles of any Government Sanatorium after the passage of the act, but to avoid the forfeiture of licenses then in existence for which payment has been made, the taking effect of the act was in legál effect postponed as to such licenses; but upon their expiration, under the terms of the act, the clause “and no license shall be issued for such purpose” would operate to discontinue them. We cannot assent to the correctness of appellant’s contention that the legislature intended to perpetuate the two previously established saloons so close to the Sanatorium in an act intended to prohibit saloons within five miles of the institution thus creating a monopoly and discrimination which would render the act not only reprehensible but, doubtless, absolutely void. We are aware that certain legislative acts regulating the number of saloons which might be established within a given territory have been upheld by the courts as within the legislative power, but we do not believe that the legislature had any such purpose by the insertion of the proviso in the Act of 1905, but, rather, the purpose was to abolish saloons within the five mile limit. The legislature has this power and the exercise of it is not subject to the objection made. The second contention of appellant’s counsel, as disclosed by both his oral argument and his brief, is that the Act of 1905 is void under the “Springer Act” in that it is a local and special act. 5 That the act, upon its face, is general we think must be conceded. The fact that there may have been but one United States Sanatorium in the Territory at the time the act was passed would not make the act local or special, unless, by the terms of the act, its provisions could have no application to Sanatoriums thereafter established. The act now under consideration is made specifically applicable to “any United States Government Sanatorium” 'and therefore is not subject to the objection that it is local or special. Upon this subject the case of Codlin v. County Commissioners, 9 N. M. 565, is quite instructive. Numerous cases are therein referred to in which the distinction between a general and a local or special act is pointed out. As illustrating the point above stated, as to there being but one Sanatorium in New Mexico, take the case of State ex rel. Columbus v. Mitchell, 31 Ohio St. 592. The act in question in that ease provided .that it should be applicable to “cities of the second class having a population of over 31,000 at the last federal census.” In holding this to be a special act the court said, in part: “Columbus is the only city in the state having the population named, at the last, federal census, and the act therefore applies alone to that city, and never can apply to any other.” In State v. Herman, 75 Mo. 340, the court says: “* * * the act under consideration applied only to cities having a population of one hundred thousand or more. The court expressly referred to the fact that the act was limited to then .existing conditions and held the act to be special legislation because it did not permit other • cities which might thereafter have a population of one hundred thousand to have the benefit of its provisions.” Cases might be multiplied almost indefinitely making this distinction the turning point as to whether legislation is general or special, but we will not pursue it further. It is within the legislative power to classify counties, citiels, business and occupations, and where such classification acts.are founded upon good and sufficient reasons, are reasonable and of general application within such classification they have been so generally upheld by the courts that it is useless to refer to the authorities. The act now before the court is undoubtedly founded upon good and sufficient reason, as the purpose of the act in defining limits surrounding Sanatoriums, Military Reservations and educational institutions within which saloons may not exist, is in line with similar legislation in many, if not all of the states. Nor can this act be declared a local law, in that it operates to perpetuate local saloons previously established, for as we have said, the act does not do this nor is there anything in the act disclosing an intent to 'accomplish any such result on the part of the legislature. In our opinion the judgment of the court below sustaining the validity of Sec. 2, Chap. 115, Laws of 1905, was correct and it is therefore affirmed.