State ex rel. Chavez v. Sargent

OPINION OP THE COURT. PAKKEK, J. This is a proceeding by mandamus by the relator, as Superintendent of Insurance, against the respondent, as State Auditor, to compel the approval of a warrant drawn by him on the Insurance fund for the sum of $1400 in favor of relator, as Superintendent of Insurance for salary from the 1st day of December, 1912, to the-1st day of July, 1913. The respondent defended upon the ground that there was. no appropriation of the legislature for any salary of the Superintendent of Insurance after December 1, 1912, and that, therefore, he had no authority to pay the salary. The District Court found against the respondent, and he appeals to this Court. The question is one of statutory construction. The insurance department was organized by chapter 5 of the-laws of 1905. Section 4 of that act is as follows: “Such superintendent of insurance shall receive a salary of two thousand four hundred dollars per annum, which shall be paid out of the insurance fund hereinafter provided for.” Section 12 of that act mcates an Insurance fund out of which all the salaries and expenses of the department are-to be paid, upon the warrant of the Superintendent of Insurance, approved by the State Auditor. This act was. amended by chapter 48 of the laws of 1909- Section 11 of chapter 5 of the laws of 1905, as amended by section 2' of chapter 48 of the laws of 1909, requires, “All insurance companies, partnerships or associations engaged in the transaction of the business of insurance in this Territory shall annually on or before the 1st day of February in each year, pay to the Superintendent of In.surance two per centum on the gross amount of premiums received, less returned premiums within this Territory, during the year ending the previous 31st day of December.” Section 16 of the Act of 1905, as amended by section 4 of the Act of 1909, provides that, “No insurance company'organized by any other authority than the Territory of New Mexico shall, directly or indirectly issue policies, take risks or transact business in the Territory until it shall have first appointed, in writing, the Superintendent of Insurance to be the true and lawful attorney of such company in and for this Territory, upon whom all lawful processes in any action or proceedings against the company may be served with the same effect as if the company existed.in this Territory. Said power of attorney shall stipulate and agree upon the part of the company, that any lawful process against the company which (when) served on said attorney shall be of legal force and validity as if served upon the company and that the authority shall continue in force so long as any liability' remains outstanding against the company in this Territory. A certificate of such appointment, duly certified and authenticated, shall be filed in the office of the Superintendent of Insurance, and copy certified by him shall be deemed sufficient evidence; service upon such attorney shall be deemed sufficient service upon the principal.” Section 6 of the Act of 1909, provides, “That in this act, unless the context otherwise requires, 'Company’ or 'Insurance Company’ shall include all corporations, associations, partnerships or individuals engaged as principals in the insurance business, excepting fraternal and benevolent orders and societies.” Section 25 of the Act of 1905, as amended by section 41, laws 1909, requires all fraternal, benevolent or religious societies or associations, whether operating under the lodge system or otherwise, to designate the Superintendent of Insurance as its attorney upon whom processes may be served, and requires all such societies to make annual reports to the Superintendent of Insurance, and to pay an annual fee of $5.00, but otherwise they' are expressly exempted from all the provisions of the two acts. The two acts contain quite a comprehensive system of inspection and regulation, both of foreign and domestic insurance companies, with power in the Superintendent of Insurance to revoke the authority of any company to do business in the State. This was the state of the law at the adoption of the Constitution. By that instrument.it was provided in section 6, of article XI, as follows: ‘‘Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, and of such requirements, rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law, the State Corporation Commission shall be the department through which shall be issued all char ters for domestic corporations and amendments or extensions thereof, and all licenses to foreign corporations to do business in this State; arid through which shall be carried out all the provisions of this Constitution relating to colorations and the laws made in pursuance thereof. The commission shall prescribe the form of all reports which may be required of corporations by this Constitu tion or by law, and shall collect, receive and preserve such reports, and annually tabulate and publish them. All* fees required by law to be paid for the filing of articles of incorporation, reports and other documents, shall be collected by the commission and paid into the State treasury. All charters, papers and documents relating to corporations on file in the office of the Secretary of the Territory, the Commissioner of Insurance and all other territorial offices, shall be transferred to the office of the commission.” It appears from this section of the Constitution that an an entire transfer of all of the powers of the supervision and control of insurance corporations from the Superintendent of Insurance to the Corporation Commission was contemplated. The Superintendent of Insurance is required to transfer to the Corporation Commission all charters, papers and documents relating to corporations on file in his office. The Corporation Commission is declared to be the agency through which all of the provisions of the Constitution, or laws made in pursuance thereof, shall be carried out. Section 4, article XXII, of the Constitution, brought forward suck laws of the Territory as were not inconsistent with the Constitution. There is nothing inconsistent between insurance laws of the Territory and the State Constitution in regard to the regulation of insurance companies, except that the powers of regulation shall be exercised by the Corporation Commission instead of the Superintendent of Insurance. But this provision of the Constitution is not self-executing. It announces a general principle or rule which requires legislation to make it effective. This is at once apparent. Had the section provided that the chairman of the Corporation Commission or any member' thereof should have and exercise until otherwise provided by law, all the powers exercised by the Superintendent of Insurance under the Territorial laws, and that each insurance company should appoint said chairman or member its attorney in fact to receive service of process •as now required in regard to the Superintendent of Insurance, then the section would be self-executing and no legislation would be required to carry it into effect. Then the Corporation Commission might investigate insurance ■companies and might cancel permits or licenses to do business, and might receive service of process for insurance companies, and otherwise do and perform all of the functions of the office of Superintendent of Insurance, and insurance companies would be compelled to appoint said Corporation Commission as attorney in fact to receive ■such service of process, and pay the two per centum to the ■commission. But such is not the case, and no legislation has been had in aid of the constitutional provision. Chapter 78, laws 1912, the only act of the State legislature in this regard, refers to the procedure before the Corporation Commission in cases involving transportation and transmission companies, and no mention is made of insurance corporations. Section 9, of article 22 of the Constitution, provides as follows: “All courts existing, and all persons holding offices or appointments under authority of said Territory, at the time of the admission of the State, shall continue to hold ■and exercise their respective jurisdictions, functions, offices and appointments until superseded by the courts, officers, or authorities provided for by this Constitution.” We have then the anomalous situation of the Constitution providing a general rule for the regulation of the insurance corporations by the Corporation Commission, but no legislation to carry it into effect, and we have a' territorial officer charged by the laws with the regulation of insurance corporations and unincorporated associations, and' who was continued in office by the Constitution until “superseded by the * * * authorities provided for by this Constitution.” 1 Under such circumstances, evidently the office of Superintendent of Insurance has not been abolished. The Corporation Commission has not “superseded” the Superintendent of Insurance, because it has not'been clothed with the necessary powers by legislation to carry into effect the-constitutional provision. Certain powers are specifically conferred by the Constitution, section 6, article 11. supra, and such the Corporation Commission may exercise without legislation. But the larger portion off the powers over insurance companies and associations still remain with the Superintendent of Insurance. The question as to whether the office of Superintendent, of Insurance has been abolished and whether he might still' receive service of process for insurance companies, was considered by our own Federal Court, and Judge Pope reached the sam.e conclusion. Mitchell v. National Surety Co., 306 Fed. 807. It would seem that such a state of affairs could hardly have arisen anywhere, but it has in Kansas, Michigan, and' Florida. In Kansas the territorial legislature was in session when the State was admitted on January 39, 1861. This legislature passed an act on January 31, 1861, which was the subject of controversy in State v. Meadows, 1 Kan. 91. The language of the schedule of the Kansas Constitution was: “The governor, secretary, and judges, and all other officers, both civil and military, under the territorial government, shall continue in the exercise of the duties of their-respective departments imtil the said officers are superseded under the authority of this Constitution.” The Court said: “It was¿ without doubt, competent for the Constitution, by its terms, to provide against an inter • regnum, by adopting the territorial officers and machinery, and making the existing functionaries of the Territory the officers of the State for the time being, to secure the means of preserving by legal steps the enforcement of the laws. That they designed so to do, and to fill every department of the State government in this -way until superseded by the action of the State government, provided for elsewhere in the Constitution, would seem to be apparent from the'language above quoted. The expression, ‘all other officers/ is very broad and comprehensive. It could hardly have been made more so. Members of the legislature, not only in the common use and acceptation, but in the technical and legal sense of the term, are officers of the goVernmeut. “The legislature of the State could, by no process of reasoning, be considered as superseding the territorial legislature before the issuing of the proclamation of the governor convening them.” The Florida case was one where a, territorial con-t exercised jurisdiction of a Federal cause after the admusion of the State into the Union. The Supreme Court of the United States, in Benner v. Porter, 9 How. 235, held that all Federal jurisdiction in territorial courts ceased on admission of the State, but in comment on the transition from the territorial to State government, said: “It will be seen, therefore, under this ordinance of the Constitution, that, on the admission of Florida as a Si-ate into the Union, the organization of the government under the new Constitution became complete, as every department became filled at opee by the adoption of the territorial functionaries for the time being. The convention being the fountain of all political power, from which flowed that which was embodied in the organic law, were, of course, competent to prescribe the laws and. appoint the officers under the Constitution, by means whereof the government could be put into immediate operation, and thus ■avoid and interregnum that must have intervened if left to ■an organization according to the provisions of that instrument. This was accomplished by a few lines adopting the machinery of the territorial government for the time being, and until superseded by the agency and authority of the Constitution itself.” In Michigan the territorial government was organized in 1805, but under the Ordinance of 1787 for the government of the Northwest Territory, Michigan had a right to form a State government at any time whenever the Territory should contain sixty thousand free white male inhabitants. This was done, and, prior to March 26, 1836, a full State government was in operation, although Congress ■did not formally admit the State into the Union until •January 26, 1837. In the meantime a corporation was formed under the laws of the new State, and received the ■conveyance from the board of governors and judges, who, besides performing the ordinary functions of government •of the Territory, were granted certain powers of convey■anee of government land in and about Detroit, of which the land in controversy was a part. The Court held tiiax the State government was lawfully established and its acts were valid before the State was formally admitted by •Congress, and further said: ‘‘Were the powers and duties of the Governor and Judges such as we have seen them to be, under these various acts •of Congress referred to, superseded by the organization of the State government? And were these offices absolutely and for all purposes, vacated and determined b3 that ■event ? “If determined at what time? The change, from a territorial to a State government, was not, and from necessity could not be, instantaneous. Indeed, our Corst.itution itself contemplated that there could be no such sudden transition, for the fifth section of the Schedule (of just as high authority as the Constitution) declares, that “all officers, civil and military, now holding their offices and appointments in this Territory, under the authority •of the United States, or under the authority of this Territory, shall continue to hold and exercise their respective offices and appointments, until superseded under this Constitution.’ The act of the State legislature providing for the appointment' of Judges of the Supreme Court of the-State, did not take effect, nor did such Judges enter upon the term of their offices, until after July 4, 1836. The-Judges of the Territory, therefore, continued to hold their offices^ and to discharge the duties thereof, until after that time.” Scott v. Detroit Young Men’s Society, 1 Doug. (Mich.) 119, 143. It seems plain, therefore, that the Superintendent off Insurance, a territorial officer-, still remains in office and may exercise all the functions of his office, except such as-are specifically transferred to the Corporation Commission by the Constitution. As before seen, the Act of 1905 created the office off Superintendent of Insurance, and provided a permanent, salary for him. This amounted "to a continuing appropriation out of the Insurance fund, and required no subsequent appropriations by the legislature. State, ex rel Fornoff, v. Sargent, 136 Pac. 602. The legislature of 1907 made no appropriation for the-salary of Superintendent. The legislature of 1909, however, made a specific appropriation of $2400 for salary of the Superintendent, $1400 for clerk and $600 for contingent expenses, per year, for the 61st and 6?nd fiscal years, and extended appropriations, together with all others, from year to year until another appropriation bill should be passed. Chap. 127, secs. 4 and 11, Laws 1909. The State legislature of 1912 made no appropriation for the officers of the Insurance department, and, on the other hand, diverted all of the surplus moneys in the Insurance fund and attempted to provide that all moneys received in the future by the Insurance department should be covered into the State Salary fund. Chapter 83, sections 18 and 21, Laws 1912. These two sections were considered in State, ex rel. Delgado, v. Sargent, 134 Pac. 218, in which we held that the last paragraph of section 18 was unconstitutionaj because general legislation, and that section 21 diverted only such portion of the Insurance fund as was not required to-meet existing appropriations. While we held the last paragraph of section 18 unconstitutional because it antagonized section 16 of art. TV of the Constitution, the fact nevertheless remains that by the passage of tho paragraph, there was clearly manifested a legislative intent to discontinue and abolish the Insurance fund, and to cover all funds received in the future into the State Salary fund. The legislature failed, not by reason oC want of intent, but by reason of constitutional restriction, to accomplish its purpose. The legislature of 1913, by section 9 of chapter 83 of that session, appropriated out of the general funds of Hie State, and up to March 15, 1913, for salary of Superintendent $700, and for salary of clerk, $406 and for contingent expenses, $175. This clearly indicates legishitive intent to pay the Superintendent by appropriation, and not out of the Insurance fund, and to stop all pay after March 15, 1913. It is true this item was vetoed by the Governor, but the fact remains that the legisature attempted to accomplish this result. We shall not attempt to define what effect in interpretation or construction of prior statutes the passage of an unconstitutional provision or a provision which may be vetoed by the executive may have. By reason of the provisions of another act, of the session of 1909, it becomes unnecessary to do so. We deem the latter act controlling. It will be remembered that under the Act of 1905, sec. 12, all expenses of the Insurance department, including salaries, were to be paid out of the Insurance funds, “on warrants drawn, on such fund by the Superintendent of Insurance and approved by the Territorial Auditor.” In direct conflict with this provision, chapter 43, laws of 1909, provides that the Territorial Treasurer shall pay one no funds which shall come into his hands “except on warrant of the Territorial Auditor.” The warrant of the Superintendent of Insurance on the Insurance fund, approved by the Auditor, is not the warrant of the Auditor. This provision alone is decisive of this case adverse to the relator. He is seeking to compel the approval of his warrant on the Insurance fund by the Auditor, which, as is seen, is now prohibited by law. Chapter 40, laws of .1909, was not called to our attention on argument, nor was it relied upon by respondent in his answer. Tie relied, as before seen, upon the fact that the salary of the Superintendent of Insurance was now payable out of specific appropriations, and there being none, he was not authorized to approve warrants for the same. Bat even so, the legislative intent to depart permanently from the policy of paying the Superintendent of Insurance on his own warrants, out of the Insurance fund is made certain by the chapter. 2 In this connection it is to be noted that, since the passage of the Act of 19Ó9, tbe Superintendent <-f Insurance has never drawn his salary from the Insurance fund. He continued to draw his salary under the general appropriation bill of 1909 until December 1, 1912. The Superintendent of Insurance and the Territorial Auditor immediately interpreted the Act of 1909 as a departure from the theory of the Act of 1905, and the Auditor issued his warrants on the Salary fund, not the Insurance fund, and the Superintendent of Insurance accepted the same, and discontinued drawing warrants on the Insurance fund. It is to be regretted that this anomalous condition exists. We have here a faithful public servant, charged with the duty of performance of the major portion of the powers in regard to the supervision and regulation of insurance companies,. and there is no other officer properly clothed with power to-perform che same. And yet there is no provision of law whereby he can be paid. This is due, no doubt, to mistake on the part of the legislature in as-sum ng that tbe constitutional provision is fully ’self-executmg, and that the Corporation Commission lias succeeded to all the powers of the Superintendent of Insurance. But he is in no worse poslbon than are all of the County officers of ‘he State, owing to the differences of opinien between the legislative and executive departments of the State. It may not be unreasonable to assume that both those departments will realize that relator is entitled to his palaiy and that they will provide the same at the next session of the legislature. For the reasons stated, the judgment of the court below will be reversed and the cause remanded with instructions to dismiss the writ of mandaran-:, and it is so ordered.