Ex parte Hamm

OPINION OP THE COURT. PARKER, J. At the September, 1917, term of the district court of Union county, the petitioner pleaded guilty to a charge of conducting and operating a game of chance, to-wit, stud poker, which game was then and there played for money. The court sentenced the petitioner to imprisonment in the county jail for three months, and thereupon suspended sentence during the good behavior of the petitioner. On March 23, 1918, an order to show cause why said sentence should not be put into'operation and effect was issued against the petitioner, which order to show cause alleged that it had come to the attention of the court through the district attorney’s office, and by an indictment returned by the grand jury at the March, 1918, term, that the petitioner had violated the terms and conditions upon which the said sentence had been suspended. A hearing was had upon the order to show cause, and thereupon the court revoked the suspension of the former sentence, and ordered the sentence to be put into operation and effect. Petitioner has thereupon filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, alleging that he' has not violated any of the terms upon which the said sentence was suspended: Upon the hearing on the order to show cause it appeared that the petitioner engaged with four other persons in a game of poker in the Clayton Hotel, in Clayton, N. M. The game was not run as a banking game, but there was what the gamblers call a “take-off,” which in this case was used for the purpose of paying for the cards and to buy the drinks for the players. So far as appears, there was no profit to any one from the “take-off,” the same being used for the cards and the refreshment of the players. [1] The first question presented is as to whether the action of the petitioner was a violation of any law of the state. It will be unnecessary to trace the history of the anti-gambling legislation of the state with any degree of detail. It will be sufficient to Say that from time to time such legislation has varied and at times the offense has consisted in the running of games and at other times it has consisted in the playing of games. Immediately prior to the act of 1917 (chapter 24 Laws 1913), compiled as sections 1757-1759, Code 1915, was in effect. That act made it an offense to play any game of cbance for money or other thing of value, and also an offense to conduct or operate any such game, or to knowingly permit any such game to be played upon the premises owned, leased, or occupied by any person. The Legislature of 1917 departed radically from these provisions. By chapter 110, Laws 1917, it is provided: “That any person who for money or anything of value, conducts or operates any game of chance, by whatsoever name known or howsoever played, or who knowingly permits any such game to he so conducted or operated upon premises of which he is#the owner, lessee or occupant, upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than six months, or both such'fine and imprisonment.” Section 2 of 'the act expressly repeals sections .1757 and 1758, Code 1915. It will be seen from an examination of this section that the offense now consists in conducting a game of chance for money or anything of value. The playing of a game of chance is no longer an offense under the laws of this state. The playing of bridge, whist for prizes is no longer prohibited by law, as, possibly it was under the former statute. The playing of poker is no longer an offense, as it undoubtedly was under the former statute. Under these provisions the acts of the petitioner, as shown by the testimony on the order to show cause, were not a violation of this statute. The petitioner made no money or anything of value out of the “take-off” of the game, so far as appears from the evidence, and he violated no law when he played poker for money. [2] The suspension of the sentence pronounced upon petitioner was ordered under the provisions of section 5075, Code 1915, which provides: “That the court may, In its discretion, suspend any sentence imposed upon such terms and conditions as it shall deem proper, and such sentence shall' go into effect upon order of the court upon a breach of any of such terms or conditions by the person convicted.” This section gives the district courts very broad power to determine for themselves in each particular case the terms upon which sentence shall be suspended. The provision was designed as a reformatory measure and the discretion of the court is without limitation as to the terms upon which the sentence will be suspended. In this case the court suspended the sentence ‘ ‘ during good behavior.” The determination of this case turns upon the proper definition of these words as used in the connection and the circumstances under which they were used. It was suggested by the Attorney General upon argument that, as the court might suspend the sentence upon any terms which he deemed advisable, he might determine for himself at any time what he considered good behavior within the meaning of the terms used. The effect of such a proposition would be to leave resting within the breast of the court an arbitrary power to determine for himself what he considered good behavior or misbehavior as applied to each individual defendant. The judge might require more in one case and less in another. Good behavior in one district court might mean a very high standard of conduct, while in another a much lower standard would be a measure to be applied. Such arbitrary power does not inhere in any judicial or other officer. Good behavior must be a legal good behavior, applicable, alike in all-instances, as otherwise people dealing with courts will ever be at the mercy of the whim, the caprice, or the peculiar views of the particular judge presiding over the court. The court, under our statute, has power to make any terms and conditions upon the suspension of a sentence, and, if it is desired to retain in the breast of the court the power to determine at any time whether the sentence shall be enforced, the order of suspension shall so specify. In United States v. Hrasky, 240 Ill. 560, 88 N. E. 1031, 130 Am. St. Rep. 288, 16 Ann. Cas. 279, the question was whether. an alien was entitled to naturalization, under the provisions of the naturalization act of June 29,1906, c. 3592, 34 Stat. 596. That act provided, among other things, that the applicant should during his five years’ previous residence have behaved himself as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same. It appeared that the applicant had been in the saloon business, and that he was familiar with the state law requiring the closing of saloons on Sunday and had known of its requirements for over two years; that in spite of that fact he had kept the back door of his saloon open on Sunday regularly; that he manifested a disposition to continue to violate the laws of the state. The applicant was refused citizenship upon the ground that he was not “well disposed to the good order” of this country, when he knowingly and habitually violated the laws of the state in which he resided. The holding, in effect, is that good behavior means conducting oneself conform-ably to law, and various definitions from law dictionaries are quoted to that effect. The Attorney General, on argument, cited State v. Everitt, 164 N. C. 399, 79 S. E. 274, 47 L. R. A. (N. S.) 848. In that case the defendant had pleaded guilty to unlawfully selling liquor. He was not sentenced, but an order was ma'de that the judgment be suspended on the payment of costs, and, further, that the defendant should enter into a bond for his appearance at such criminal term for two years to show that he had demeaned himself as a good and law-abiding citizen. The defendant during the two years-again violated the law by selling liquor unlawfully, and the court heard testimony and found as a fact that the defendant had committed the offense, and thereupon sentenced the defendant to nine months in the county jail upon his former plea of guilty. In this case the court,suspended judgment instead of suspending sentence under the judgment. The court quotes from State v. Crook, 115 N. C. 760, 20 S. E. 513, 29 L. R. A. 260, to the effect that it is within the power of the court to suspend judgment, and to require the defendant to appear from term to term for a reasonable time and offer testimony to show good faith in some promise of reformation or continued obedience to the law. "We do not understand this case to be authority for the argument suggested by the Attorney General that the court may retain in his breast, without expressing it in the judgment of suspension, a measure which he will arbitrarily apply to a defendant as he may elect. In this case the defendant was guilty of a violation of the law, and the court was authorized, under the circumstances, to pass sentence upon him. See, also, Hyser v. Comm., 116 Ky. 410, 76 S. W. 174. We deem the only safe definition of good behavior, when the same is not restricted or modified by accompanying language, to be conducted in conformity to law. This is a “government of laws and not of man.” If a man keeps within the law, he is without the control of courts, unless, in a case of this kind, some reformatory measure is applied by the court, and a restriction is put upon the conduct of a defendant not demanded by the law. In such a ease such restriction must be expressed by the court when sentence is suspended. The district court evidently had something of this kind in mind when he made the order enforcing this sentence. There appears in the examination of the petitioner the following colloquy between him and the court: “By the Court: Q. Do you remember, Mr. Hamm, when you were before me once before on a similar charge, at that time you told me you would get out of town and stay on your ranch and quit playing poker? A. No, sir; I don’t remember anything Tike that. Q. But you had your daughter come to me and she made similar representations? A. I did not have her come to you. Q. She came. You knew she came to me? A. I knew it after she came; yes, sir. Q. And you never made any such representations as that? A. No, sir; I don’t think, like that.” The district court evidently believed that the petitioner when the sentence was suspended promised Mm that he would quit gambling, but the order of suspension contains no such restriction upon the petitioner’s conduct. Tbe court speaks only through its record, and this record is what this court must act upon. If the district court desired to enforce this restriction as one of the conditions of the suspension of the sentence, the order should have so specified. [3] It should be observed in this connection that no fine distinctions are to be drawn for the purpose of curtailing the discretion and powers of the district courts in these matters. All that we hold is that, if restrictions' upon the conduct of a. defendant are to be imposed, they must be specified in the order of suspension. We have, then, a case of a man sentenced to imprisonment for a violation of. the gambling law, and the sentence suspended by the court during good behavior. “Good behavior” is to be defined in this connection as conduct conforming to the law. The petitioner is not shown in this case to have violated any law of the state, and has therefore not violated the conditions upon which his sentence was suspended. It follows, therefore, that the judgment of the district-court was beyond its powers, and that the prisoner should be discharged from custody, and it is so ordered. ROBERTS, J., concurs.