Conoco, Inc. v. State Taxation & Revenue Department

OPINION APODACA, Chief Judge. The issues in this appeal involve the New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department’s (the Department) denial of Conoco, Inc.’s (the taxpayer) refund claims for certain tax years and the Department’s imposition of an assessment for the tax year 1991. The taxpayer sought a refund of corporate income taxes paid to the State of New Mexico for the tax years 1988, 1989, and 1990, based on what its tax liability would have been had foreign dividends and Subpart F1 income been excluded from its apportionable tax base. The Department denied the taxpayer’s claims for refunds. The taxpayer also reduced its tax payments for the 1991 tax year on the same basis, prompting the Department to issue Assessment No. 1,638,-288 against the taxpayer for that year. After a formal hearing, the Department’s hearing officer denied the taxpayer’s claims for refunds and reduced the Department’s assessment against the taxpayer consistent with modifications to the standard apportionment formula allowed for previous years. The taxpayer appeals. We conclude that the hearing officer properly denied the taxpayer’s claims for refunds. We also conclude that the hearing officer properly reduced the Department’s assessment against the taxpayer for the 1991 tax year. We thus affirm. 1. BACKGROUND A Conoco, Inc. The taxpayer is a wholly owned subsidiary of E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company (DuPont), a Delaware corporation. The taxpayer’s headquarters and principal place of business are located in Houston, Texas. DuPont and its domestic and foreign subsidiaries,2 including the taxpayer, constitute a unitary business enterprise. Part of DuPont’s unitary business enterprise consists of integrated oil and gas activities that are conducted on a worldwide basis, primarily through the taxpayer. The taxpayer itself conducts business in all fifty states and in the District of Columbia. It also conducts business activities worldwide through the ownership of stock in domestic and foreign subsidiaries. The taxpayer owns one-hundred percent of the stock of most of its foreign subsidiaries. Athough its subsidiaries conduct business in approximately twenty-five countries, they typically conduct business only in the country in which they were incorporated. The taxpayer receives dividends from both its domestic and foreign subsidiaries. B. Conoco’s New Mexico Tax Returns In tax years 1988, 1989, and 1990, without petitioning the Department as required by NMSA 1978, Section 7-4-19 (Repl. Pamp.1993),3 the taxpayer applied the Detroit formula of factor relief4 to its tax base in calculating its New Mexico tax liability. In late 1992, shortly after the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Kraft General Foods v. Iowa Department of Revenue & Finance, 505 U.S. 71, 112 S.Ct. 2365, 120 L.Ed.2d 59 (1992), the taxpayer filed amended New Mexico corporate income tax returns for the tax years 1988, 1989, and 1990. Additionally, in its 1991 return, the taxpayer totally excluded foreign subsidiary dividends as well as domestic subsidiary dividends from its tax base. Before filing its 1991 return, the taxpayer made estimated tax payments for the tax year 1991, which were $93,569 more than the tax computed for tax year 1991, based on the exclusion of foreign subsidiary dividends from the tax base. In the amended returns, the taxpayer contended that tax refunds were due because the Supreme Court’s decision in Kraft required the Department to allow the taxpayer to deduct both domestic and foreign subsidiary dividends. The exclusion of foreign subsidiary dividend income for tax years 1988,1989, and 1990, resulted in even lower taxes for the taxpayer than did the self-applied Detroit formula. The taxpayer claimed refunds in the following amounts: 1988: $87,064; 1989: $33,474; 1990: $144,854; and 1991: $93,569. The taxpayer applied the Detroit formula in its calculations of its initial filings for tax years 1988, 1989, and 1990, and paid its taxes on that basis. ■ Application of the Detroit formula, as proposed by the Department, to those tax years resulted in the same amount of taxes due as the taxpayer had already paid, but higher taxes than the taxpayer claimed on its amended returns based on the total exclusion of foreign subsidiary dividends from the tax base. Consequently, the Department denied the taxpayer’s claims for refunds for the tax years 1988,1989, and 1990. For tax year 1991, the Department also denied the taxpayer’s claim for a refund in the amount of $93,569 based on the exclusion of foreign subsidiary income. The Department then issued Assessment No. 1,638,288 against the taxpayer, asserting that corporate income tax, penalties, and interest for the 1991 tax year were due. The taxpayer protested both the refund denials and the assessment, pursuant to NMSA 1978, Section 7-1-24 (Repl.Pamp.1993). A formal administrative hearing before the hearing officer was held. In his decision, the hearing officer upheld the Department’s application of the Detroit formula to calculate the taxpayer’s New Mexico corporate income tax for tax years 1988-1991. The taxpayer appeals this determination. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW On review, this Court must determine whether the hearing officer’s decision was: (1) arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion; (2) not supported by substantial evidence in the record; or (3) otherwise not in accordance with law. NMSA 1978, § 7-1-25(C) (Repl.Pamp.1993). Judicial review of administrative decisions is based on the whole record, see § 7-l-25(A); Duke City Lumber Co. v. New Mexico Envtl. Improvement Bd., 101 N.M. 291, 293, 681 P.2d 717, 719 (1984); Wing Pawn Shop v. Taxation & Revenue Dep't 111 N.M. 735, 739, 809 P.2d 649, 653 (Ct.App.1991), requiring this Court to consider not only evidence in support of one party’s contention, but also to look at evidence that is contrary to the finding, Trujillo v. Employment Sec. Dep't 105 N.M. 467, 469, 734 P.2d 245, 247 (Ct.App.1987). We “must then decide whether, on balance, the agency’s decision was supported by substantial evidence.” Id.; see Wing Pawn Shop, 111 N.M. at 739, 809 P.2d at 653. III. DISCUSSION This appeal concerns the application of the Foreign Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, Article I, Section 8, Clause 3, to New Mexico’s statutory system of corporate income tax. The New Mexico corporate income tax statute uses the federal tax code’s definition of “net income” with certain adjustments. Like the federal scheme, New Mexico allows corporations to take a deduction for dividends received from domestic subsidiaries, but not from foreign subsidiaries. Unlike the federal scheme, however, New Mexico does not allow a credit for taxes paid to foreign countries. A. Generally To provide a context for understanding the various allowable filing methods and their relationship to the Foreign Commerce Clause issues raised by this case, we deem it necessary to review the interrelationship between the Foreign Commerce Clause, the Due Process Clause, and New Mexico’s ability to tax income generated in foreign commerce. It is fundamental under both the Due Process Clause and the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution that a state may not, when imposing an income-based tax, tax value earned outside of its borders. See ASARCO Inc. v. Idaho State Tax Comm’n, 458 U.S. 307, 102 S.Ct. 3103, 73 L.Ed.2d 787 (1982). When dealing with income that has been earned by a multistate and multinational taxpayer, determining what income has been earned by that taxpayer within a particular state can be extremely complicated and has generated a significant amount of constitutional litigation. See, e.g., Container Corp. of Am. v. Franchise Tax Bd., 463 U.S. 159, 103 S.Ct. 2933, 77 L.Ed.2d 545 (1983); F.W. Woolworth Co. v. Taxation & Revenue Dep’t, 458 U.S. 354, 102 S.Ct. 3128, 73 L.Ed.2d 819 (1982); Exxon Corp. v. Wisconsin Dep’t of Revenue, 447 U.S. 207, 100 S.Ct. 2109, 65 L.Ed.2d 66 (1980); Mobil Oil Corp. v. Commissioner of Taxes of Vt., 445 U.S. 425, 100 S.Ct. 1223, 63 L.Ed.2d 510 (1980); Moorman Mfg. Co. v. Bair, 437 U.S. 267, 98 S.Ct. 2340, 57 L.Ed.2d 197 (1978). Because of the difficulty of precisely measuring a state’s properly apportioned share of a multijurisdietional taxpayer’s income, the United State Supreme Court has long held that the Constitution imposes no single formula on the states, Wisconsin v. J.C. Penney, 311 U.S. 435, 444-45, 61 S.Ct. 246, 85 L.Ed. 267 (1940), and has placed upon a taxpayer challenging a state’s formula the burden of showing by clear and cogent evidence that a state tax results in the taxation of extraterritorial values. Container Corp., 463 U.S. at 170, 103 S.Ct. at 2942-43 (quoting Moorman Mfg., 437 U.S. at 274, 98 S.Ct. at 2345). Historically, states attempted to account for their share of taxable income based upon systems of separate accounting, whereby a company’s income earned within the geographical boundaries of the state was determined based on formal corporate entities or on an attempt to segregate transactions conducted within the state. This methodology, called separate accounting, has fallen into disfavor because it was subject to manipulation and imprecision and, significantly, either ignored or faded to capture the many subtle and often unquantifiable transfers of value that take place among the components of a large, complex enterprise. See generally Mobil Oil, 445 U.S. at 438-39, 100 S.Ct. at 1232-33. As a result of the inadequacy of the separate accounting concept, the unitary business concept evolved. The unitary business principle generally disregards territorial boundaries and corporate structure issues. The unitary concept requires viewing a business enterprise as a single unit irrespective of whether the enterprise crosses geographic boundaries or its business is conducted through separate corporate entities. Once the scope of a unitary business is defined, the taxable income of the total unitary enterprise is determined, and an apportionment formula is applied to approximate the unitary business income that is reasonably related to the business’ activities conducted within the taxing jurisdiction based upon various objective measures of the taxpayer’s activities both within and without the taxing jurisdiction. The Supreme Court long ago upheld the constitutionality of the basic unitary business concept. See, e.g., Mobil Oil, 445 U.S. at 439, 100 S.Ct. at 1232-33; Hans Rees’ Sons, Inc. v. North Carolina ex rel. Maxwell, 283 U.S. 123, 51 S.Ct. 385, 75 L.Ed. 879 (1931); Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton, Ltd. v. State Tax Comm’n, 266 U.S. 271, 45 S.Ct. 82, 69 L.Ed. 282 (1924); Underwood Typewriter Co. v. Chamberlain, 254 U.S. 113, 41 S.Ct. 45, 65 L.Ed. 165 (1920). In other words, it is the unitary business principle that provides the constitutional basis for the use of an apportionment formula by the states to apportion to the states their appropriate share of corporate income. B. Federal Tax Returns As defined in I.R.C. Section 1501, DuPont filed consolidated federal corporate income tax returns with its affiliated group, which included the taxpayer, for the tax years 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991. See 26 U.S.C. § 1501 (1988). A consolidated return reports the income of a parent corporation and members of its affiliated group. See id. DuPont received dividends from both its domestic and foreign subsidiaries dining those years. In calculating its federal taxable income in accordance with federal law, DuPont deducted the dividends that the taxpayer received from its domestic subsidiaries, but not the dividends received from its foreign subsidiaries. See 26 U.S.C. § 243 (1988). DuPont, however, claimed a credit against its federal tax liability with respect to taxes that it and its foreign and domestic subsidiaries paid to foreign countries. C. New Mexico Tax Returns 1.Reporting Methods The taxpayer and DuPont elected to file separate New Mexico corporate income tax returns for the same years using the “separate-entity reporting” method. This method of reporting, however, is only one of four reporting methods New Mexico allows corporate taxpayers to use when filing their initial New Mexico income tax returns. See Regulation CIT 9:2.5 New Mexico allows corporate taxpayers to elect among two versions of separate accounting, the combination of unitary corporations, or the federal consolidated group reporting methods. Id. 2.Apportionment of New Mexico Taxable Income After a taxpayer elects which reporting method it will use, a three-factor apportionment formula is then applied to determine the portion of income subject to New Mexico taxation for corporations having income from both within and without New Mexico. See UDITPA §§ 7-4-1 through 7-4-21; NCR Corp., 115 N.M. at 615, 856 P.2d at 985. The UDITPA formula creates three factors: (1) the “property factor,” which is the average value of the taxpayer’s real and tangible personal property owned or rented in New Mexico (the property numerator) divided by the average value of the taxpayer’s real and tangible personal property owned or rented everywhere (the property denominator), Section 7-4-11; (2) the “payroll factor,” which is the total amount paid by the taxpayer in New Mexico as compensation (the payroll numerator) divided by the total compensation paid everywhere by the taxpayer (the payroll denominator), Section 7-4-14; and (3) the “sales factor,” which is the total sales of the taxpayer in New Mexico (the sales numerator) divided by the total sales of the taxpayer everywhere (the sales denominator), Section 7-4-16. These three factors are added together and divided by three to arrive at a fraction or multiplier. See § 7-4^-10. This multiplier is applied to the corporation’s total apportionable income to arrive at the portion that can be taxed by New Mexico. See NCR Corp., 115 N.M. at 615, 856 P.2d at 985. 3.Detroit Formula of Factor Relief Unlike the federal system, New Mexico does not allow a foreign tax credit for corporations using the separate-entity reporting method and having foreign subsidiary dividend income. The New Mexico tax scheme, however, does allow corporations using the separate-entity reporting method and having foreign subsidiary dividends to apply the “Detroit formula of factor relief.” See Regulation UDI 19:106 (issued March 4, 1994, effective retroactively to January 1, 1988). The Detroit formula of factor relief operates in the following manner. Where dividends from a foreign subsidiary are included in the apportionable tax base of a taxpayer’s domestic parent, the UDITPA three-factor apportionment formula is modified by including in the denominators of the parent corporation’s property, payroll, and sales factors, a percentage of the property, payroll, and sales of the dividend-generating foreign subsidiary. See Regulation UDI 19:10. The percentage of the foreign subsidiaries’ property, payroll, and sales included is the ratio that the net dividends received from such subsidiary bears to the subsidiary’s net profits, but not to exceed one-hundred percent. Id. The overall effect of applying the Detroit formula is to reduce the apportionment factor applied to New Mexico base income. D. Conoeo’s Refund Claims The taxpayer based its refund claims and its reduced tax payments on the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Kraft, which is central to this dispute. That case involved a similar reliance on federal standards for determining taxable income and the use of a similar reporting system, separate-entity reporting. There, the Court held that the Iowa income tax scheme, which treated dividends received from foreign subsidiaries less favorably than those received from domestic subsidiaries, facially discriminated against foreign commerce in violation of the foreign commerce clause. Kraft, 505 U.S. at 82-83, 112 S.Ct. at 2372. The taxpayer contends that it is entitled to refunds for the tax years 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991, on the basis that Kraft requires this Court to declare that New Mexico’s statutory scheme for taxation of dividend income facially discriminates against foreign commerce in violation of the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. See U.S. Const, art. I, § 8, cl. 3. The taxpayer thus urges this Court to refund all illegally collected taxes and declare the Department to be without the power to make assessments. The Department agrees that the separate-entity method of calculating the tax base, if viewed in isolation from the rest of the New Mexico tax scheme, represents discriminatory treatment of foreign subsidiary dividends. The Department argues, however, that United States Supreme Court case law requires this Court to view the interplay of the entire New Mexico tax scheme in assessing a facial discrimination attack. According to the Department, when viewed as a whole, the New Mexico tax scheme, unlike the Iowa Business Tax on Corporations Act in Kraft, offers other filing options and offers the Detroit formula of factor relief. As a result, the Department contends that the New Mexico statute is constitutional. We agree with the Department. The Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution states that “Congress shall have Power ... [t]o regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States and with the Indian Tribes.” U.S. Const, art. I, § 8, cl. 3. The Commerce Clause restricts the “power of a state to regulate or tax interstate and foreign commerce even in the absence of the enactment of specific congressional legislation.” NCR Corp., 115 N.M. at 618, 856 P.2d at 988. For unitary corporations, like the taxpayer, having income derived both within and outside a state, New Mexico, like the majority of states, employs the UDITPA three-factor apportionment formula that averages the percentages of in-state property, payroll, and sales factors. See NMSA 1978, § 7-2A-8(A)(1) (Repl.Pamp.1993); §§ 7-4-10 through 7-4-18. The United States Supreme Court has specifically approved this type of apportionment formula. See, e.g., Container Corp., 463 U.S. at 170, 103 S.Ct. at 2942-43. Indeed, the three-factor formula “has become ... something of a benchmark against which other apportionment formulas are judged.” Id. (citations omitted). In analyzing Commerce Clause challenges to tax statutes, a four-part test applies when purely interstate commerce is involved. Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady, 430 U.S. 274, 279, 97 S.Ct. 1076, 1079, 51 L.Ed.2d 326 (1977). A state tax survives a Commerce Clause challenge when the tax: (1) is applied to an activity with a substantial nexus with the taxing state, (2) is fairly apportioned, (3) does not discriminate against interstate commerce, and (4) is fairly related to the services provided by the state. Id. Where a tax authority seeks to tax foreign commerce, the tax must satisfy the four-part test set out in Brady, plus two additional considerations: [A] court must also inquire, first, whether the tax, notwithstanding apportionment, creates a substantial risk of international multiple taxation, and, second, whether the tax prevents the Federal Government from “speaking with one voice when regulating commercial relations with foreign governments.” If a state tax contravenes either of these precepts, it is unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause. Japan Line, Ltd. v. County of Los Angeles, 441 U.S. 434, 451, 99 S.Ct. 1813, 1823, 60 L.Ed.2d 336 (1979). As long as the intrastate and extra-state activities form part of a single, unitary business, the fact that the tax is apportioned in part upon the taxpayer’s foreign income sources does not constitute a bar to state taxation. NCR Corp., 115 N.M. at 617, 856 P.2d at 987 (citing Mobil Oil, 445 U.S. at 439-40, 100 S.Ct. at 1232-33). As the Court recognized in Mobil Oil, “the linchpin of apportionability in the field of state income taxation is the unitary-business principle.” Mobil Oil, 445 U.S. at 439, 100 S.Ct. at 1232-33. As long as dividends from subsidiaries and affiliates of a parent corporation doing business in New Mexico reflect profits derived from a functionally integrated enterprise, those dividends, including foreign subsidiary dividend income, are income to the parent earned in a unitary business, and New Mexico has the right to impose a corporate income tax on an apportioned share of that unitary income. NCR Corp., 115 N.M. at 619, 856 P.2d at 989. By following the federal scheme to arrive at net income, both Iowa and New Mexico allow a deduction for dividends received from domestic subsidiaries, but not for those received from foreign subsidiaries. The crux of the problem for purposes of comparing disparate treatment of domestic and foreign dividend income of the parent corporation doing business in Iowa or New Mexico is to focus on how dividends received from both domestic and foreign subsidiaries not doing in-state business are treated. See, e.g., Kraft, 505 U.S. at 74 n. 10, 80 n. 23, 112 S.Ct. at 2368 n. 10, 2371 n. 23. In that situation, neither New Mexico under separate entity filing nor Iowa would tax the corporate income of either subsidiary. Both, however, would allow a deduction to the parent corporation for dividends received from its domestic subsidiary corporations, but not for dividends received from its foreign subsidiary corporations. Neither state allows a credit or deduction similar to the federal credit or deduction election for foreign taxes paid to foreign countries on the earnings of the foreign subsidiary. New Mexico, however, unlike Iowa, allows corporate taxpayers to apply the Detroit formula of factor relief as a modification to the UDITPA three-factor formula for those taxpayers using the separate-entity reporting method and having foreign subsidiary dividend income. Kraft does not mandate the refund of taxes on the basis sought by the taxpayer because there is a significant difference between the taxing systems of Iowa and of New Mexico. New Mexico has modified its apportionment formula in response to Kraft to ensure that the foreign commerce of taxpayers received equal tax treatment with domestic commerce. In March 1994, the Department adopted Regulation UDI 19:10, applicable retroactively to tax years beginning in 1988. This regulation allows taxpayers to adjust the standard apportionment formula through the inclusion of a portion of the factors of the taxpayer’s foreign subsidiaries, thereby reducing the percentage of the apportionable base subject to tax in New Mexico. With this modification, a taxpayer’s foreign commerce is subject to comparable formulary apportionment applicable to the taxpayer’s domestic commerce. Kraft requires only that states treat foreign and domestic commerce equally; it does not require that states go beyond that equality, to create a potential of a windfall for taxpayers. In this case, we believe the taxpayer is entitled to a refund only if the New Mexico tax scheme as a whole is unconstitutional and only if the sole appropriate way to remedy the discriminatory treatment of foreign subsidiary dividend income is by allowing the taxpayer to totally exclude all foreign subsidiary dividend income from the tax base in arriving at the “net income” to be taxed by apportionment in New Mexico. Because the taxpayer did not satisfy its initial burden of proving that the New Mexico tax scheme facially discriminates against foreign commerce, we decline to reach the taxpayer’s remedy analysis. See NCR Corp., 115 N.M. at 620, 856 P.2d at 990. The taxpayer advocates that we focus exclusively on the “unconstitutional tax base” ■under the Corporate Income and Franchise Tax Act, Sections 7-2A-1 through 7-2A-14. It urges us to declare New Mexico’s treatment of foreign subsidiary dividend income unconstitutional and to hold that the only way to remedy the discriminatory tax treatment of domestic and foreign subsidiary dividend income for separate-entity filers is to “equalize” their treatment in the calculation of the tax base by either excluding both and refunding taxes or including both and assessing back taxes. Without legislation mandating a tax on domestic dividend income, the taxpayer continues, the only practical remedy is to refund taxes to taxpayers filing separate-entity returns based on an exclusion of foreign subsidiary dividend income as well as domestic subsidiary dividend income from their tax base calculations. We conclude that the taxpayer’s suggested approach, in spite of having the benefit of simplicity, does not comport with the reality of the New Mexico tax scheme and applicable law. Even a cursory look at the relevant statutes demonstrates that none of them can either be read or applied without the others. See Tax Administration Act, NMSA 1978, §§ 7-1-1 through 7-1-82 (Repl.Pamp.1998); §§ 7-2A-1 through 7-2A-14; §§ 7-44L through 7-4-21. For example, the Tax Administration Act, which provides certain procedures related to the fair administration of taxes (procedures for notice, assessments, refunds, hearings, and of protests) expressly states that the Tax Administration Act applies to and governs the “Corporate Income and Franchise Tax Act [Sections 7-2A-1 through 7-2A-14],” and the “Uniform Division of. Income for Tax Purposes Act [Sections 7-4-1 through 7-4-21].” Sections 7-1-2(A)(17), (18). Section 7-2A-2(R), defines “unitary corporations,” and Section 7-2A-8(A)(1) provides that any taxpayer having income that is taxable both within and without New Mexico shall allocate and apportion their income as provided in Sections 7 — 4-1 through 7-4-21. Additionally, the United States Supreme Court has held that it is proper to look at the entire tax scheme in evaluating a claim of discrimination. Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co. v. Reily, 373 U.S. 64, 69, 83 S.Ct. 1201, 1203-04, 10 L.Ed.2d 202 (1963); see also West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy, 512 U.S. 186, 200-01, 114 S.Ct. 2205, 2215, 129 L.Ed.2d 157 (1994) (determination of discrimination under the Commerce Clause requires an analysis of the “purposes and effects” of the state’s taxing system as a whole). The proper focus, therefore, is on the New Mexico tax scheme as a whole. When viewed as a whole, the New Mexico tax scheme, unlike the Iowa statute at issue in Kraft, provides taxpayers with other filing options and allows those taxpayers electing the separate-entity filing method and having foreign subsidiary dividend income to apply the Detroit formula of factor relief to its tax base calculated on the separate-entity method. This allowance was promulgated by the Department under Section 7-4-19. The taxpayer, citing State ex rel. McCulloch v. Ashby, 73 N.M. 267, 387 P.2d 588 (1963), contends that a facially discriminatory statute cannot be remedied by an administrative regulation. In Ashby, however, the regulation that was alleged to save the statute was not authorized by the statute. Id. at 271, 387 P.2d at 590. In this case, on the other hand, the regulation permitting use of the Detroit formula was enacted pursuant to the express statutory authority of Section 7-4-19. The taxpayer next argues that Section 7-4 — 19 does not permit the Department to promulgate a regulation addressing differential treatment of foreign and domestic source-dividend income. Section 7-4-19 permits the Department to require taxpayers to use allocation and apportionment methods other than contained in UDITPA if “the allocation and apportionment provisions of ... [UDITPA] do not fairly represent the extent of the taxpayer’s business activities in this state.” Because the taxpayer vigorously argues that this is not a “fair allocation” or “fair apportionment” ease, but rather a “fa-daily discriminatory tax base” case, the taxpayer contends that regulations under Section 7-4-19 are unavailing. We disagree. The purpose of fair apportionment is to insure that a given taxing jurisdiction does not tax extrajurisdictional income. See Exxon, 447 U.S. at 223-30, 100 S.Ct. at 2120-24. As we noted previously, the use of certain accounting methods and corporate formalities can result in manipulation and understatement of income to the taxing jurisdiction. The use of UDITPA thus serves two purposes at once. At the same time that it insures that only income with a nexus to the taxing jurisdiction is taxed, it also insures that all income that can be legitimately taxed is taxed. Although apportionment does not always accomplish its purposes with exact and empirical precision, see Mobil Oil, 445 U.S. at 452, 100 S.Ct. at 1239 (Stevens, J., dissenting), that fact does not detract from its dual purposes. Thus, if a regulation based on these purposes serves to eliminate what would otherwise be a discrimination, we should not ignore it. We turn now to the consideration of (1) the applicability of the other filing options to this case, and (2) whether the New Mexico tax scheme (including the availability of the Detroit formula of factor relief for those taxpayers using the separate-entity reporting method and having foreign subsidiary dividend income) withstands the taxpayer’s facial discrimination attack. 1. Alternative Methods of Calculating the Tax Base Initially, we address the Department’s argument that the taxpayer should be estopped from challenging the discriminatory treatment of foreign subsidiary dividend income when New Mexico allows corporations to elect its method of calculating its tax base and offers alternative methods of filing returns. The Department contends that the taxpayer benefitted from significantly lower taxes as a result of electing the separate-entity method of calculating its tax base, and, thus, should not now cry “foul” in order to get even lower taxes for the applicable tax years by excluding all foreign subsidiary dividend income from its tax base calculations. We consider the Department’s suggested analysis problematic and decline to endorse it. As the taxpayer points out, and the Department admits in its answer brief, the Department did not cross-appeal this issue. We conclude, however, that the Department may raise this issue for review, without taking a cross-appeal, as another ground for affirming the hearing officer’s decision in the event that this Court were to consider reversal in whole or in part. See SCRA 12-201(C) (review without cross-appeal); Frederick v. Younger Van Lines, 74 N.M. 320, 328, 393 P.2d 438, 443 (1964); see also Jaramillo v. Jaramillo, 113 N.M. 57, 62, 823 P.2d 299, 304 (1992) (lower court’s decision will be affirmed on review if that decision was correct, even though court may have used an incorrect rationale in arriving at its result). Nevertheless, on the merits, we agree with the taxpayer that the hearing officer was correct in its determination against the Department, although for different reasons. The hearing officer relied on provisions of Regulation CIT 9:2, which, although permitting a taxpayer to choose any one of four methods of reporting, expressly prohibited any taxpayer from making a retroactive election of a different method once one of the four methods was chosen. The hearing officer also relied on Section 7-1-60, which es-tops the Department from taking action adverse to a taxpayer who acts in reliance of a regulation. The Department responds that these provisions of the law are inapposite because the Department was not seeking to make the taxpayer retroactively file under a different reporting method that would require it to pay more taxes. The Department’s contention is that, because there was an alternative and presumably constitutional method of filing available to the taxpayer, the taxpayer should not be heard to complain about a method it chose itself. We reject the Department’s contention because our Court, as well as other courts, have frequently considered issues arising from a person’s choice of one form of government-imposed condition or situation even though other more onerous conditions were available. See, e.g., Campbell v. Wood, 18 F.3d 662, 680 (9th Cir.) (en bane) (court recognizes that it reviews constitutionality of probation conditions although probationer could have chosen incarceration, in which case dispute about probation conditions would not have arisen), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1119, 114 S.Ct. 2125, 128 L.Ed.2d 682 (1994); State v. Charlton, 115 N.M. 35, 37-38, 846 P.2d 341, 343-44 (Ct.App.1992) (court reviews banishment as apparent condition of probation or suspended sentence), cert. denied, 114 N.M. 577, 844 P.2d 827 (1993). Consequently, we affirm the hearing officer’s determination that the taxpayer was not es-topped from challenging the separate-entity reporting method on the ground that alternative methods of filing exist. 2. The Detroit Formula of Factor Relief The taxpayer argues that the facially discriminatory features of Sections 7-2A-1 through 7-2A-14, cannot be corrected by attempting to more fairly apportion a “constitutionally defective tax base” by application of the Detroit formula of factor relief to it. We disagree. As we noted above, the taxpayer incorrectly views the separate-entity method of calculating the tax base in a vacuum, without considering the entire New Mexico tax scheme. This is contrary to the manner under which the New Mexico tax scheme operates and contrary to existing United States Supreme Court law. The taxpayer’s analysis also ignores the purpose of factor representation, which is to fairly apportion the total income of a unitary, multistate corporation to each state to accurately determine the income generated in a state that is subject to that state’s tax. See Exxon, 447 U.S. at 223-30, 100 S.Ct. at 2120-23. The Due Process Clause and the Commerce Clause do not prohibit states from including foreign-source dividends in the apportionable tax base. See Mobil Oil; NCR Corp. Under the Detroit formula of factor relief, where dividends from a foreign subsidiary are included in the apportionable tax base of a domestic parent corporation, a certain percentage of the foreign subsidiaries’ property, payroll, and sales factors are also included in the denominator of the parent corporation. The percentage of foreign factors included in the parent’s denominators is equal to the percentage of the foreign subsidiaries’ earnings paid to the parent as dividends. The Department provided expert testimony that the inclusion of the factors that generated the foreign subsidiary dividends resulted in New Mexico taxing only income earned within its borders and, in doing so, theoretically excluded foreign dividends from the tax base. We believe that the Commerce Clause and Due Process Clause are satisfied by application of the Detroit formula when foreign subsidiary dividend income is included in the tax base. See Tambrands, Inc. v. Maine Tax Assessor, 595 A.2d 1039 (Me.1991). Although the taxpayer provided evidence that application of the Detroit formula to its returns for tax years 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991, resulted in higher taxes than the exclusion of dividends from the tax base, the taxpayer did not offer evidence to counter the Department’s evidence that equal, higher, or lower New Mexico taxes resulted from application of the Detroit formula based on the relative efficiencies of the taxpayer’s domestic and foreign operations, and not upon the foreign or domestic source of the taxpayer’s income. The taxpayer contends that the hearing officer erroneously relied on the Department’s experts because those experts based their opinions on “unsupported assumptions” and “mere possibilities” with the result that their opinions were incompetent and insufficient to support any findings. We note that neither the written record of the tape log nor the taxpayer’s appellate briefs indicates that the taxpayer had any objection to the testimony of the Department’s experts on competency grounds. It is the general rule that the admission of expert testimony and the weight to be given such testimony is for the trial court to determine. See Sanchez v. Molycorp, Inc., 103 N.M. 148, 153, 703 P.2d 925, 930 (Ct.App.1985). In this case, the hearing officer found the Department’s experts’ opinions to be adequately explained and more persuasive on the issues than the taxpayer’s experts’ opinions. Based on the theoretical nature of the Department’s experts’ testimony, and considering the sense made in the concrete examples used by the hearing officer in his decision, we hold that his determination to accept the Department’s experts’ opinions was not erroneous. Thus, the taxpayer failed to prove by clear and cogent evidence that the income attributed to New Mexico was in fact out of all appropriate proportions to the business transacted in the state or has led to a grossly distorted result. See Container Corp., 463 U.S. at 170, 103 S.Ct. at 2942-43. Thus, too the taxpayer has failed to show that New Mexico’s system of corporate income taxation, which applies the Detroit formula of factor relief to separate-entity reporting contemporaneously with the UDITPA formula, impermissibly discriminates against foreign commerce under all sets of circumstances. The United State Supreme Court’s decision in Westinghouse Electric Corp. v. Tully, 466 U.S. 388, 398-99, 104 S.Ct. 1856, 1862-63, 80 L.Ed.2d 388 (1984), on which the taxpayer relies for the proposition that “fair apportionment” and “nondiscrimination” are not synonymous, does not persuade us otherwise. We agree that these terms are not synonymous. Discrimination, however, was clearly shown to exist in Westinghouse; the same cannot be said in this case. Additionally, nothing in Westinghouse, or in any other case cited by the taxpayer or discovered by our own research, indicates that fair apportionment can never operate to cure discrimination. In this case, we believe, the evidence indicated that it did. We therefore hold that the taxpayer failed to meet its burden required to challenge on facial discrimination grounds the New Mexico tax scheme in a situation where the burden of proof is on the taxpayer. See United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 2100, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987) (an attack of facial discrimination requires the claimant to show that no set of circumstances exists under which the act would be valid); NCR Corp., 115 N.M. at 620, 856 P.2d at 990 (the burden is on the taxpaying corporation to show by “clear and cogent evidence” that the income attributed to the state is in fact disproportionate to the business transacted in that state); see also Tipperary Corp. v. New Mexico Bureau of Revenue, 93 N.M. 22, 24, 595 P.2d 1212, 1214 (Ct.App.) (taxpayer has duty to present evidence overcoming correctness of assessment), cert. denied, 92 N.M. 675, 593 P.2d 1078 (1979). To the extent that our analysis differs from that of the hearing officer, this Court will affirm if the ruling appealed from is right for any reason. See State v. Lovato, 112 N.M. 517, 521, 817 P.2d 251, 255 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 112 N.M. 388, 815 P.2d 1178 (1991); see also Jaramillo, 113 N.M. at 62, 823 P.2d at 304. We thus affirm the hearing officer’s denial of the taxpayer’s refund claims for the tax years 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991. E. The Assessment The hearing officer partially upheld and partially denied the Department’s assessment of taxes, penalties, and interest for tax year 1991. In Assessment No. 1,638,288, the Department did not calculate the taxpayer’s tax liability using the Detroit formula. As a result, the hearing officer ordered the Department to abate that portion of the assessed tax and interest in excess of the amount of tax and interest owing if the Detroit formula were applied. The hearing officer then struck down the penalty on Assessment No. 1,638,288 because the taxpayer was not negligent in calculating its tax base for the tax year 1991, by excluding foreign dividends based on the judgment of its tax manager and accountant. We conclude that the hearing officer’s findings on this issue were supported by substantial evidence in the record and that his conclusions were in accordance with applicable law. We therefore affirm on this issue. IV. CONCLUSION We hold that the hearing officer properly denied the taxpayer’s claims for refunds. We also hold that the hearing officer properly reduced the Department’s assessment against the taxpayer. We thus affirm. IT IS SO ORDERED. PICKARD, J., concurs. DONNELLY, J., dissents and files opinion. Footnotes [1] “Subpart F” refers to Sections 951-964 of the Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C.). See 26 U.S.C. §§ 951-964 (1988). Certain types of income, including, among other things, income earned by captive insurance companies, investment companies, and other controlled foreign corporations of a domestic (United States) company in tax haven countries is deemed to be distributed to the United States parent corporation even though no formal dividend is paid. See NCR Corp. v. Taxation & Revenue Dep't, 115 N.M. 612, 618-20, 856 P.2d 982, 988-90 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 115 N.M. 677, 857 P.2d 788 (1993), cert. denied, 512 U.S. 1245, 114 S.Ct. 2763, 129 L.Ed.2d 877 (1994). For purposes of this appeal, the parties have stipulated that such income should be treated as a foreign dividend. [2] For purposes of this opinion, "domestic subsidiaries” means subsidiary corporations incorporated in the United States whose operations are within the United States, and "foreign subsidiaries” means subsidiary corporations organized under the laws of foreign countries whose operations are outside of the United States. [3] Section 7 — 4-19 provides: If the allocation and apportionment provisions of the Uniform Division of Income for Tax Purposes Act [(UDITPA), NMSA 1978, §§ 7-4-1 through 7-4-21 (Repl.Pamp.1993)] not fairly represent the extent of the taxpayer's business activity in [New Mexico], the taxpayer may petition for, or the department may require, ... the inclusion of one or more additional factors which will fairly represent the taxpayer's business activity in this state. [4] See infra Section III.C.3 for a complete discussion of the Detroit formula of factor relief. [5] Regulations issued under the Corporate Income and Franchise Tax Act, NMSA 1978, Sections 7-2A-1 through 7-2A-14 (Repl. Pamp.1993), are prefixed by the letters "CIT.” [6] Regulations issued under the UDITPA Sections 7-4-1 through 7-4-21, are prefixed by the letters "UDI.”