Woodward v. Republic of Hawaii

OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUDD, C. J. Tbe defendant was tried for tbe offense of seduction at the-August term, 1895, of tbe Circuit Court, First Circuit, in which-tbe jury .disagreed, and on a second trial in said Court at tbe next term thereof (November) was found guilty and sentenced' on tbe 30th of November. Within six months, to-wit, on the-14th May, 1896, a writ of error was sued out by the defendant.. The assignments of error are numerous. 1st. That the case was not prosecuted in the name and by — 417 — tbe authority of the Republic of Hawaii as required by Sec. 3, Art. 92 of the Constitution, but was prosecuted by private counsel, and it does not appear on the record that it was authorized by the Attorney General. The case is entitled in the District Court where it originated the “Republic of Hawaii v. Edward Woodward;” it is therefore prosecuted in the name o-f the Republic. Private counsel prosecuted. They are noted on the minutes as “for the prosecution” in one court and as “assisting the prosecution” in another. The authority of the Attorney General as the representative of the Republic must be presumed to have been given. The question is not raised here whether a prosecution may be instituted against the will of the Attorney General. We find no error here. All the remaining assignments of error are to various parts of the charge of the Court and rulings made during the trial. Counsel for the prosecution moved that these assignments be quashed on the ground that none of the alleged errors can be made the subject of a writ of error unless embodied in a bill of exceptions, drawn up within the time fixed by statute or rules of Court and signed by the Judge, which was not done in this case. Undoubtedly this method is convenient and would give the Appellate Court in concise form the exact questions sought to be raised, and it is sustained by authority. See Powell on Appellate Proceedings, Sec. 61. But having a statute defining writs of error, Chap. XCV., Laws of 1892, it must control us. Section 4 of this Act reads: “Por all purposes of this Act the record shall be deemed to include all pleadings, motions, notes or bills of exception, exhibits, clerks’ or magistrates’ notes of proceedings, and if so desired by the plaintiff in error, a transcript of the evidence in the case.” We do not at all sustain the proposition that counsel may stand by and without objection allow the Court to commit errors of law and then, if in time and the sentence or judgment be not executed, ask the Appellate Court to correct the alleged errors. — 418 — But by tbe statute exceptions properly noted and allowed may be considered as a part of tbe record upon wbicb a writ of error may be based, tbougb not brought into tbe form of a bill and certified by tbe Judge. Upon the same reason tbe charge of tbe Court or any part thereof, if duly excepted to, may be made a part of tbe record upon wbicb error may be assigned. Sec. 2 of Chap. LVT. of tbe Laws of 1892 makes tbe charge or instructions of tbe Court a part of tbe record. It may be argued that this statute having no relation to tbe Statute of Error, would not be sufficient of itself to bring a charge of tbe Court into tbe record for tbe purposes of error. It certainly may become so when an exception to it is noted under tbe Writ of Error Act. A case in 1 Sergeant & Bawle, p>. 298, Downing v. Baldwin, bolds that tbe Legislature having required tbe charge of tbe Court to be made in writing and to be filed with tbe record in tbe cause, supersedes tbe necessity of a bill of exceptions. In this case Chief Justice Tilgbman says “the Act of tbe Assembly directs tbe opinion of tbe Judge to be filed of record; it becomes then a part of tbe record, and being so tbe Superior Court must of necessity take notice of it. * * An opinion filed by positive command of law is of tbe body of tbe record and must so remain.” We have carefully reviewed tbe charge of tbe Court and tbe various assignments made upon it. We need only advert to one. Evidence was introduced by tbe defense of repeated acts of sexual intercourse with several persons, within a year or two prior to tbe alleged seduction. This, if believed, would show tbe unchaste character of tbe prosecuting witness prior to tbe act upon wbicb tbe prosecution was based. In rebuttal she denied tbe acts of sexual intercourse, but offered no evidence to show that she bad reformed. Tbe charge of tbe Court upon this matter was as follows: “Many of tbe statutes making seduction criminal in other countries require in addition to tbe provisions contained in our — 419 — statute, that the woman, seduced shall be of chaste character. This seems to have been purposely omitted from our statute, but the question of chastity of the prosecuting witness is always more or less involved in prosecutions for seduction. For instance, it is apparent to every one that a prostitute could not be seduced. The law is made to protect the chastity of those who are trying to live properly. * * * “By the expression ‘chastity’ of the complaining witness, I do not intend for you to understand that it is necessary for her never to have had sexual intercourse with any one prior to the alleged seduction. It would violate the spirit as well as the language of the statute to hold that a woman should not be entitled to its beneficent protection, who at some time in her life, in a moment of weakness, had given up her body through the motive of love, or under the influence of passionate excitement, or even who has given up her body for gain. Therefore the previous unchastity of the prosecutrix, if proved, would not of itself be a defense in this case. “If a woman reforms after having had sexual intercourse, she is as much entitled to the protection of the statute as though she had never fallen from virtue. Therefore, if you should find that the complaining witness had had sexual intercourse prior to the alleged seduction, you must then consider whether or not she reformed before the time when such seduction is alleged to have occurred, or whether a time sufficient had elapsed for you to presume that she had reformed. The matter of reformation is in your hands, as well as other questions of fact in this case. Therefore, if the jury believe the testimony of the defense that in former years the prosecutrix was an unchaste person, but has since reformed, and has under promise of marriage committed fornication with the defendant, you must convict. “One of the Supreme Courts of the United States that is held in the very highest respect, in treating of this matter, has laid down the principle that a woman who has been seduced but who has reformed may be again the subject of seduction, and where — 420 — a reasonable time elapses between tbe different acts, the presumption in favor of reformation may arise. By tbis you see that it is not necessary in all cases to prove reformation, but after a reasonable time reformation may be presumed. “As to what is reasonable time, I leave to you to find, and the circumstances of the case must determine as to what is reasonable time for reformation. I cannot give you any rule upon this question, and must leave it to your good judgment.” We think this instruction was erroneous. It authorized the jury to find that the prosecuting witness had committed repeated acts of sexual intercourse with several persons within a year or two of the alleged seduction, and then further find, from the mere lapse of that year or two of time, regardless of other circumstances, and in the absence of any evidence of her mode of life meanwhile, that she had reformed. We do not go so far as to hold that under no circumstances may reformation be presumed from mere lapse of time. If but one act of unchastity were shown, and that fifteen or twenty years previously, it may be that the jury would, in the absence of any evidence one way or the other as to the mode of life meanwhile, be justified in inferring reformation. But we think that the instruction was erroneous as applied to the facts of this ■ case. The cases cited in 21 Am. & Eng. Encyc. of Law, p. 1048, may be referred to. In the case of People v. Clark, 33 Mich. 117, the Court say: “Had a reasonable time elapsed before the different acts, a presumption in favor of a reformation might arise, but we think no such presumption could arise in this case, and that the burden of proving such would be on the prosecution.” In a later case, People v. Squires, 49 Mich., 489, the trial Judge had deducted from People v. Clark that a return to virtue between acts of intercourse might be presumed if the interval was long enough, but the.Supreme Court held on- appeal that this was a misapprehension -of their ruling in the former case, — 421 — and that it was not their view that “any lapse of time which was possible in the case, or that in any case mere abstentation from intercourse for a few months, which might be fully accounted for by want of opportunity, would ground a legal presumption of reformation beyond all reasonable doubt.” Hartwell, Thurston & Stanley and A. Rosa, for prosecution. A. S. Humphreys for defendant. Upon a review of the whole case we think the instruction given was material and did the defendant injury, and was erroneous, and a new trial should be ordered, which is done accordingly.