In re Humphreys

OPINION OF THE COURT BY FREAR, C.J. (Galbraith, J., dissenting.) This proceeding is an episode of the Sumner litigation, long since become notorious, and more particularly of what is known as the Ropert case in that litigation, recently decided by this court, ante 16. In that case the court was requested by Messrs. Humphreys, Thompson & Watson, attorneys in the case, to investigate the conduct of counsel on both sides, such conduct having been questioned. The court thereupon, with the acquiescence of opposing counsel, Mr. J. A. Magoon and Mr. G. A. Davis, took the usual course of referring the matter to the Attorney General for investigation and such further action as to him should seem advisable. The result was the institution by him -of these proceedings for the disbarment or suspension of the respondents or other dealing with them. Most of the proceedings in the Sumner litigation are set forth in the decision just mentioned. This is true also of some of the facts and conclusions which are involved in the present case, and for this reason there may be less fullness in the present decision than might otherwise be required. There.have been two periods in that litigation. The first period covered the years 1895-8 and included cases for the can-celation of a power of attorney and the appointment of a receiver, for the cancelation of certain conveyances and finally for the appointment of a guardian over John K. Sumner as an insane person. .The guardianship case was discontinued upon the execution of a trust deed by Sumner to Bishop Ropert of the Roman Catholic Church, which deed also referred to a will made — 157 — by Sumner. The terms of the deed and will are set forth in the decision above referred to. The greater part of the property covered by the deed and will was an undividd half interest, of cpiestioned title, in certain land bordering on the harbor of Honolulu, which Sumner had previously leased to the Oahu Railway and Land Company for 99 years and for the purchase of which for $100,000 he had given an option to the company in the lease. The second period of litigation — the one in which we are now chiefly interested — was begun August 4, 1902, by the bringing, of a suit by the railroad company against Sumner and his trustee,' the Bishop, for the specific enforcement of the option. On September 4, 1902, Mrs. Maria S. Davis, Sumner’s sister, brought proceedings for placing him under guardianship and also a suit to cancel the trust deed and the lease and enjoin the execution of the option. All these three suits were settled October 13, 1902, by the discontinuance of the railroad suit,, the withdrawal of the appeal from the decree dismissing the bill in the injunction suit, the entering of a decree dismissing the petition and declaring Sumner sane in the guardianship suit, the execution of.a deed of the property in question, together with a certain small tract which had been reserved in the lease, to the railroad company for $110,000, and by the distribution of that sum as follows: $10,000 each to Sumner’s grandnephews and grand-niece, W. S. Ellis, J. S. Ellis and Mrs. Buf-fandeau, to Maria S. Davis and the Bishop, $10,500 to the various attorneys (one of the attorneys having previously received a retainer of $500), $1,000 to one Cathcart, a friend of Sumner, and $415 for stamps on the deed, leaving $48,025, which Sumner shortly after withdrew for himself. On October 21, 1902, the Bishop brought a suit in form for his discharge as trustee and the appointment of a successor, but the substantial issue in which was between certain of the defendants, namely, Sumner on one side, and the Ellises and Mrs. Buifandeau — 158 — ■on the other, as to whether the trust had terminated or not, that is, whether Sumner was entitled to the $48,025 or not. This last mentioned suit is referred to as the Ropert case and is the one in which the decision above mentioned was filed. » The charges against each of these respondents are in general of “professional improprieties, malpractice, deceit and infidelity to his client, and gross misconduct”, and more particularly (in substance, without setting forth the details of the complaint,) that they acted as attorneys for Stunner in the railroad and guardianship cases, and knew that all claims of the Ellises (including Mrs. Buffandeau, née Ellis) to the proceeds of the sale .had been disposed of in the settlement referred to, but that nevertheless soon after such settlement and especially in the Ropert ■ case they acted as attorneys for the Ellises in opposition to the interests of their former client, Sumner. A further charge is made against the respondent Humphreys, to the effect that, ■while acting as such attorney for the Ellises, he proposed to J. A. Magoon, as attorney for Sumner, that he, Magoon, should betray the interests of his client, Sumner, and induce him to submit to a further and extortionate demand on the said funds by the Ellises and that said Humphreys and Magoon should ■ each demand and take an unreasonably large fee therefor, and threatened that unless his proposal was accepted he would prevent by the use of legal process said Sumner from exercising .any control over said funds during the rest of his, Sumner’s, life. These are grave charges. Considering the nature of proceedings of this character and the possible results to persons who have attained admission and perhaps prominence at the bar only •after years of study and training and experience, and who and' whose families, may be largely dependent for their means of livelihood upon the exercise of their privileges as members of the profession, it goes without saying that the court should act in cases of this kind with unusual caution both in weighing the — 159 — •evidence and in determining the penalty, and such is the course laid down in the books. And yet, however disagreeable the function of passing upon the alleged wrongful conduct of a member of a noble profession, the court, as likewise laid down in the books, has a responsibility in the matter and cannot shirk its duty. The nobler the profession the greater the care that" should be observed in keeping its practice unsullied. In United States v. Costen, 38 Fed. 24, Mr. Justice Brewer, of the United States Supreme Court, then Circuit Judge, in disbarring an attorney for merely seeking employment on one side after his employment had ceased on the other and suggesting that he had in his possession important facts, said: “Now, it is the glory of our profession that its fidelity to its client can be depended on; that a man may safely go to a lawyer and converse with him upon his rights or supposed rights in any litigation with the absolute assurance that that lawyer’s tongue is tied from ever disclosing it; and any lawyer who proves false to such an obligation, and betrays or seeks to betray any information or any facts that he has attained while employed on the .one side, is guilty of the grossest breach of trust. I can tolerate a great many things that a lawyer may do, — things that in and of themselves may perhaps be criticised or condemned when done in obedience to the interest or supposed interest of his own client, and when he is seeking simply to protect and uphold those interests. If he goes beyond, perhaps, the limits of propriety, I can tolerate and pass that by; but I cannot tolerate for a moment, neither can the profession, -neither can the community, any disloyalty on the part of a lawyer to his client. In all things he must be true to that trust, or, failing it, he must leave the profession.” In the case of Boone, 83 Fed. 944, the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, in disbarring an attorney who, as in the Costen case, had intimated that he might be open to employment on one side, after his employment on the other had ceased, and suggested that he was in possession of important — 160 — facts, but who also bad obtained a general release from his former client from all obligations arising out of his employment, and who claimed to have withdrawn from such'employment from a sense of duty because he had discovered fraud in the case and not to have charged for the services he had rendered, and who claimed that he intended not to disclose the information he had but merely to use it in cross-examination of witnesses, &c., said: “It is the general and well-settled rule that an attorney who has acted as such for one side cannot render services professionally in the .same case to the other side, nor, in any event, whether it be in the same case or not, can he assume a position hostile to his client, and one inimical to the very interests he was engaged to protect; and it makes no difference, in this respect, whether the relation itself has been terminated, for the obligation of fidelity and loyalty still continues.” Realizing our duty to the respondents on the one hand and to the profession and the jaublic on the other, we have, after hearing the evidence at the trial and observing the witnesses, read over all of the 573 pages of testimony and numerous documents introduced and considered them with the utmost care, but after making all due allowances on the side of caution and leniency we are constrained by the, force of facts to find the respondents guilty of the charges in part at least. The first question naturally is, what were the relations between the respondents and Sumner in the litigation up to the time of the settlement and what in the subsequent proceedings. There is no question as to the latter. The respondents, especially Mr. Humphreys, acting for the Ellises, took active steps the very day after Sumner withdrew the $48,025, to prevent his keeping it ,and in consequence of their action the Bishop brought suit, out of abundant caution, as we believe, to obtain the opinion of the court as to the propriety of his payment of the money to Sumner, and throughout that case the respondents, especially Mr. Humphreys, representing the Ellises, fought against Sum — 161 — ner’s interests not only with all their strength but with marked acrimony. There was nothing improper in itself in their ardent straggle for the Ellises in that suit. Although the case was decided against them on the ground that the trust deed was revocable and had been ¿revoked, yet, as the court assumed, the deed was prima facie irrevocable, and it was only in view of extraneous evidence taken in connection with the terms of the deed that the court was led to its conclusion, and as to whether such extraneous evidence was sufficient the court was divided. That was not a frivolous suit by any means. The conduct of the respondents, though subject to criticism in several other respects, was improper, if at all, in that case, so far as the charge now under consideration is concerned, because of their relations to Sumner in the prior litigation. Their contention is that in that prior litigation they represented the Ellises alone (including Mrs. Buffandeau), and not Simmer at all. Although they appeared as Mr. Sumner’s attorneys, they contend that it was with the distinct understanding that they represented only the Ellises. It may be that they could properly appear nominally for Sumner and really for the Ellises if that were clearly understood, although, as Mr. Humphreys now concedes, it might be unwise to do so for various reasons, especially under some circumstances, but whether, if they did so, they could afterwards properly appear against him in respect of the same matter might be a question. In our opinion, however, the evidence shows that their relations to Sumner in the earlier litigation was closer than that. Nor is it, on the other hand, because of their conduct or relations toward Sumner in the earlier litigation that they are now charged, although, assuming that, as they contend, they were employed to protect the interests of the Ellises alone as supposed beneficiaries under the trust deed, they were in our opinion, guilty of great recklessness in assisting and participating in the distribution of the trust fund without so much as looking at the trust deed or the will to ascertain whether their — 162 — terms permitted such distribution, which terms, as the respondents afterwards contended and as the court held in the Bopert ¡case, did not permit of a distribution even with the consent of all the persons who acquiesced therein. They not only did not .take proper precautions in view of the fact that the fund was a 'trust fund in which others .were interested, but they did not with •a view to the rights or interests of their own acknowledged -clients, if their own statements are true. The gravamen of the charge is that they acted first for Sumner and then against him in respect of the same matter, even if their actions in either ■capacity alone would be above criticism. There being no dispute as to their appearance against Sumner in the later proceedings, the main question is as to what were their relation^ to him-in the earlier. The facts tending to show what those relations were are substantially as follows: On the 5th of August, 1902, the day on which service was made on the Bishop in the railroad case, the three Ellises called .at the chambers of the respondent Humphreys, then a Circuit Judge, to ascertain if he would act as attorney in that case. -Judge Humphreys said that he could not, because he was on .-the bench, and recommended to them IVIr. Henry E. Highton, and, they acquiescing, he arranged an interview between them ^and Highton for the next morning at his chambers. At that interview they engaged Highton for a retainer of $500 and a Tee of $2,000 additional. The Ellises were not parties to the •suit, but on the day, the 20th of that month, that their uncle, Mr. Sumner, Avho was a party, arrived from Tahiti, they took •him to Highton and he, Sumner, then confirmed the arrangement they had made with Highton, paying the retainer and •agreeing to ¡Day the fee. Thereafter Mr. Highton acted primarily for Mr. Sumner, but in a more general sense represented "the Ellises also. While still on the bench, Judge Humphreys told his brother-in-law Mr. Magoon, that he, Humphreys, could come into the .«ase after he left the bench and asked Magoon’s opinion as to — 163 — the propriety of his doing so — in view of the fact that the ease had been begun in his court, the bill having been addressed to him as First Judge of that Circuit Court. They talked the matter over quite generally. According to Magoon, Humphreys said that the case could be continued from time to time until he left the bench and then he could decide whether to go into it. They talked of Sumner’s interests only. After Judge Hum-phreys left the bench, which he did at the end of that month, he told Magoon that he had been called into the case. When Hum-phreys left the bench, Highton, who had been told by the Ellises that Humphreys was expected to come in, went to Humphreys and offered him half of his fee if he wished to come in. Hum-phreys declined, saying that he would attend to his own fee, if he came in. On the 4th of September, Sumner having insisted on a settlement of the railroad case, and having decided upon a disposition of the proceeds of the land that was to be conveyed, including the placing in trust of the greater part of those proceeds for the Ellises, they were all at Highton’s office to arrange the settlement, when W. S. Ellis telephoned for Mr. Humphreys. The latter came and objected to the proposed terms of the trust deed, principally on the grounds that the trustee was not to be under bond and was to receive too large a compensation. The result was that the proposed settlement fell through and was never resurrected. It was at that meeting that Humphreys, Thompson & Watson, who had formed a partnership the day Humphreys left the bench, were retained. There is some dispute as to the nature of the arrangement. According to Humphreys, he came to the meeting as representing W. S. Ellis and was there retained by all three Ellises. During the meeting AY. S. Ellis asked Humphreys what his fee would be, to which the latter replied, “the same as Highton’s.” Apparently comparatively little was said upon the matter. Much seems to have been taken for granted in view of previous understandings and the relations between the parties. Mr. Humphreys says that he was — 164 — retained by tbe three Ellises, but that he expected his fee to come out of the fund. The Ellises, whose testimony on this point was repudiated by Mr. Humphreys, whose witnesses they were, say they themselves were to pay the fee. That their testimony on this point was false was apparent even without Mr. Hum-phreys’ repudiation. Mr. Highton says in substance that while the arrangement was made principally by the Ellises it was acquiesced in or confirmed by Mr. Sumner, and that Sumner agreed to pay the fee. Mr. Sumner says Humphreys, Thompson & Watson as well as Highton were his attorneys, but it is unnecessary to rely on his testimony. There is no doubt as to Mr. ITighton’s understanding, and that was that the firm of Humphreys, Thompson & Watson were then engaged by the Ellises and Sumner together, although particularly at the request, or desire of the Ellises. This arrangement is just what might be expected in the light of the circumstances and the relations of the parties and harmonizes with the subsequent acts of all parties. At that time Sumner and the Ellises were exceedingly friendly. He was then living with Mrs. Buffandeau, who had taken him to her house the day he arrived. She had held his power of attorney for a long time and received from the Bishop for Sumner the latter’s entire net income from the property under the trust. They were constantly the recipients of his bounty — • to a lavish extent. At that meeting he proposed to give them $75,000. He had wanted to adopt them when he was here the year before. They were practically one family. They had engaged Mr. Highton precisely as they had proposed to engage Mr. Humphreys. They did so in a general way and in their own names, as Sumner was not here. But they understood that it was really for Sumner that they were acting, for they took him to Highton the day he arrived and, as they expected, he at once followed their advice, ratified all that they had done, paid the retainer, agreed to pay the fee, and accepted Highton as his attorney, though he had never seen nor heard of him before. As — 165 — IV. S. Ellis testified, they had not expected to pay the fee though they had promised to do so. Their uncle was credulous and easily influenced as well as fond and generous. They evidently had had no doubt that he would ratify Humphreys’ employment if they could have retained him instead of Highton. At the meeting when Humphreys was retained, Sumner was present; there was then no occasion for the Ellises to retain Humphreys on their own account alone. They had been friendly with him for several years and W. S. Ellis had been a bailiff of his court for a long time. They had complete confidence in him and wanted him, and it was only natural that they should expect their uncle to acquiesce in their wishes and engage Humphreys. They were scarcely able themselves to pay the fee. It is certainly not at all improbable that, as Mr. Highton puts it, Sumner, though unwilling to have personal relations with Mr. Humphreys, on account of certain past difficulties between them, was perfectly willing, in view of the desire of the Ellises, to have him retained to assist in the case, and that he was retained for all but more particularly for the Ellises and perhaps more particularly still for "YV. S. Ellis. While Mr. Highton acted as leading counsel throughout until the settlement, and both Sumner and the Ellises were satisfied with him, yet on important occasions, as at each of the two proposed settlements, they each wished to have present some one in whom they had special confidence. The Ellises wanted Hum-phreys or Thompson and Sumner wanted his friend Cathcart. Now as to the subsequent acts. After that meeting, Highton and Humphreys went together to see the Bishop) and then to the attorneys for the railroad company to see if they could not induce the latter to give a few thousand more than the two thousand five hundred dollars that the conrpany was then willing to give for the tract that had been reserved in the lease. This, of course, in addition to the $100,000 called for in the oprtion for the rest of the property. On returning to his office Mr. Hum-phreys told Mr. Thompson what had occurred. — 166 — That evening the guardianship and injunction suits were begun. The papers were served on Sumner at the house of Mrs. Buffandeau, and were taken by Mr. Buffandeau or Sumner to Mr. Bfighton. The next day Mr. Highton took the papers to the office of Humphreys, Thompson & Watson, and informed Mr. Humphreys of the new developments. Some conversation was had in which Mr. Humphreys said, among other things, that owing to other engrossing engagements he could not give his personal attention to the cases and moreover that owing to the feeling between him and Sumner, he did not care to. He referred particularly to some differences he and Sumner had had several years before and to Sumner’s having snubbed him on the street that day. Mr. Humphreys, however, said that Mr. Thompson (of their firm) would act in the case. Hum-phreys and Thompson contend that this was with the distinct understanding that Mr. Thompson should, as representing the Ellises alone, merely assist Mr. Highton because the Ellises might be interested indirectly, and because Mr. Highton had been here only a short time and had not become familiar with the local practice. Highton denies that there was any such understanding or any “segregation between services in the guardianship case and general services involved in the whole litigation.” That day Mr. Highton prepared the answer in the guardianship case. There is some dispute as to whether it was typewritten in the office of Humphreys, Thompson & Watson. The respondents endeavored to show that it was not, but the only witness who was able to testify positively on the subject was Mr. Crook, then an attorney in their office. He, produced by the respondents, testified that the answer was typewritten there, that he had previously read it’ in Highton’s office, and that Thompson had helped decipher a portion of it in their office, their typewriter having found some difficulty in reading Mr. Highton’s writing. The next day, September 6, the answer was filed. The signature of counsel thereto is “Henry E. Highton-, Humphreys, Thompson & Watson, attorneys and counsel for re — 167 — spondent, John K. Sumner,” the words “Humphreys, Thornp--son & Watson” being in Thompson’s writing. Mr. Thompson says that he signed with the understanding that they were representing the Ellises and that he was to appear merely to assist Mr. Highton in the trial. On the same day a motion and a notice of the motion to set the case for hearing were filed, each signed “John X. Sumner, by Henry E. Highton, and Hum-phreys, Thompson & Watson, his attorneys,” the words “Hum-phreys, Thompson & Watson” being in Thompson’s writing. The hearingoin that case extended oyer two weeks, the days of; actual hearing being some eight or nine. Mr. Thompson was present every day, consulting with Highton, arguing questions of the admissibility of evidence, &c., to the court, and, to use-his own language, “took a most active part, just as active as I could take.” The clerk entered the names of Highton and'. Thompson as appearing for Sumner each day. Judge De Bolt.,, who tried the case, regarded Thompson as well as Highton as Sumner’s attorney throughout. When the settlement was in. progress, Mr. Davis, an attorney for the petitioner, and Mr., Thompson alone, without Mr. Highton, informed the Judge-that probably the case would be settled. Later, Davis and. Thompson presented to the Judge a form of decree dismissing; the petition and declaring Sumner sane. The Judge had some-doubts about signing a consent decree in such a case, but was ready to do so because he had come to the conclusion from the evidence that Sumner was sane. None of the attorneys who had appeared in the case being present except Davis on one-side and Thompson on the other, some remark was made about both sides being represented. The Judge was given to understand that both sides were represented. The Judge then wished' it to' appear that the decree had not emanated from the court.,, and suggested that a motion or something else should be filed to show that it was a consent decree, whereupon the words-“requested, 'approved and agreed upon before signing by his-. Honor” were written below the decree and just over the signar168 tures of all tbe counsel in the case, which, were already there, the signature of “Humphreys, Thompson & Watson” as “counsel .•for John K. Sumner,” being in Thompson’s writing. In this Mr. Thompson acted for Sumner and held himself out to the Judge as Sumner’s attorney in the absence of Mr. Highton. Mr. Thompson alone for the Stunner side conducted with the attorneys on the other side the negotiation that culminated in the settlement of the guardianship case. Those negotiations were quite active from Thursday, October 9, to Monday, October 13, the day of the settlement. The Ellises, it will be remembered were not parties to that suit, though it was believed that its result would affect them indirectly. Both Magoon and Davis, attorneys on the other side, as well as the Judge and Highton, with whom Thompson was associated, understood all through that Thompson represented Sumner as well as the Ellises. They so understood not only from Thompson’s activity on behalf of Sumner in court, but from his words and actions during his negotiations with them, from his references to Sumner, his statements as to what Sumner was willing or unwilling to do, &c. Mr. Davis, it may be mentioned, was a witness for the respondents and apparently very reluctant to say anything against them, but he seemed to be pretty clear on this point. During those negotiations, on Thursday and Eriday, Mr. Thompson informed Mr. Humphreys as to what was doing and consulted with him in regard to the matter. On Eriday Mr. Hum-phreys left the city and was absent a week. At the final settlement, the various sums, excepting those paid to Mrs. Davis and her attorneys, were paid by the Bishop on Simmer’s order, contained in a letter specifying the amounts and persons in each instance. In this order Sumner directed the Bishop to pay to Humphreys, Thompson & Watson $2,500. The Bishop paid this amount to Thompson under this order and the latter gave a receipt as follows: “Honolulu, H. I., Oct. 14, 1902. Deceived from Bt. Bev. Gulstan E. Bopert, Trustee John K. Sumner, Twenty-five hundred Dollars, In full fee — 169 — professional service litigation between Oahu Ey. & Land Co. and John K. Sumner; and re proceedings to appoint guardian instituted by Maria S. Davis; and directed to be paid by letter of John K. Sumner.- $2500. Humphreys, Thompson & Mat-son.” This receipt was on a printed blank, the written part and signature being in Thompson’s writing. Thus lie acknowledged that lié was paid for services in the guardianship case and by Sumner. So far as appears, no arrangement whatever had ever been made with the Ellises in regard to Humphreys, Thompson & Watson’s appearing in the guardianship case,— •except their general retainer above referred to, which was before the guardianship suit was begun. The list of payments which Sumner directed the Bishop to make was made up by Highton. There was not a word said, so far as appears, in all the negotiations for settlement about Sumner’s paying for the-Ellises the fee of Humphreys, Thompson & Watson. It seems to have been taken for granted all along that Sumner was to pay that fee — and not as part of what was to be paid to or on account of the Ellises. There was nothing to show that any arrangement was made for the payment of a fee on behalf of the Ellises as part of the settlement, different from the original understanding as to the payment of that fee. In regard to the fee of the attorneys for Mrs. Davis, the situation was different. They endeavored to get Sumner to pay that, but Sumner declined, at least so Thompson represented to opposing counsel, and those attorneys then got the railroad company to pay $5000 additional to what had already been agreed on between it and Sumner, — apparently on the strength of the refusal of Mrs. Davis’ attorneys, or one of them, to consent to a settlement of the guardianship case unless their fee was paid. That fee was paid, with the $10,000 to Mrs. Davis, separately, and was regarded in a different light from the fee paid to Humphreys, Thompson & Watson. The latter was regarded in the same light as that paid to Highton. a — 170 — There are several other matters bearing on the question of the relation sustained by the respondents to Sumner and the Ellises separately. Some of those relied on by the respondents will be referred to. At the meeting at which the respondents were retained, Humphreys said that as representing W. S. Ellis he objected to the proposed trust deed. Erom that it is argued that- he was not attorney for Hr. Sumner. The inference goes too far. The same reasoning would show also that Humphreys did not represent the other Ellises, which of course, is contrary to fact. The true explanation seems to be that at that stage Humphreys did represent only W. S. Ellis, for he was called in by him alone, but after the matter of the proposed trust deed was disposed of, Humphreys made arrangements according to his own statement, with all three Ellises, and, according to Highton, with Sumner also. Again, on the first day of the hearing in the guardianship case, according to two of the Ellises, Highton ashed them where Thompson was, and, upon their replying that they did not know, said, “Well, he is representing you Ellises and I want him here.” If that is what was said, it does not go very far. Highton no doubt understood then, as he wrote a little later and says now, that Humphreys, Thompson & Watson more particularly represented the Ellises. If his remark implied that Thompson did not represent Sumner, it equally implied that Highton himself did not represent the Ellises, which, of course, was contrary to fact. The inference goes toó far for the purposes of the respondents. At best an off-hand remark like that, if it were made, would not under the circumstances overcome other evidence of a much weightier sort. Again, at the final settlement, Highton, who had objected to the settlement of the guardianship case and the payment of $10,000 to Mrs. Davis, because he believed it a case of blackmail, still insisted that it could be carried out only against his advice and said that he would yield only to Hr. Sumner’s insistence on the settlement. Thompson then asked Highton whom he represented, to which Highton replied that he represented John K. — 171 — Sumner. Thompson replied that Higliton seemed to forget that be was employed by the Ellises as well. Higliton replied that in these proceedings he represented John I‘I. Sumner, whereupon Thompson replied, “repeating the words parrot-like,” as he says, that in these proceedings he represented the Ellises and insisted upon the settlement of the guardianship case and the payment of the $10,000 to Mrs. Davis. They were “hot”, as Thompson says. Thompson’s reply ivas somewhat of a play on .words. Under -the circumstances the language may easily be explained without the necessity of holding that Thompson represented the Ellises alone. The inference here also goes too far. If these words show that Thompson did not represent Sumner, they show also that Highton did not represent the Ellises, which is contrary to fact, as shown beyond question not only by the testimony of Highton and the Ellises at the present time, but by their statements made in writing at that time, as well as by the testimony of Mr. Thompson in the present case. Again, Thompson makes considerable of the fact that he was not present as a rule at the conferences outside of court between Highton, Sumner and the Ellises. If that shows that he was not attorney for Sumner, it shows likewise that he was not for the Ellises, which is contrary to fact. As matter of fact he was present with the others in court every day, he took part in at least two conferences outside of court when all were present, and Highton often went to his office to consult him. Humphreys, of course, had nothing to do with Sumner during the entire proceedings, but that was the understanding, and, so far as appears, he had nothing to do with the Ellises either. After the first day, his part seems to have been confined to consultations with Thompson. There was no doubt that it was understood by all that Humphreys, Thompson & Watson represented the Ellises more particularly and perhaps W. S. Ellis more particularly still, and there is no doubt that Humphreys and Sumner personally felt hostile to each other..' We may concede that they did not consider that their relations with Sumner were fully all that — 172 — are usually supposed to exist _ between attorney (and client There are all degrees of closeness in the relationship of attorney and client. It is clear that in this case the relationship of the respondents to Sumner were such as to make it improper for them to take sides against him. in immediately subsequent proceedings respecting the same matter. If their relationship were that of attorney and client to its fullest extent, there could be but one conclusion, as stated by Mr. Humphreys at the hearing — that of disbarment. Under the circumstances, something short of that would.be sufficient. What the penalty should be will depend to some extent upon the nature of the settlement. In our opinion it is an aggravating circumstance that the respondents knew or ought to have known that the settlement was understood to be in full and that Sumner was to have the remaining $48,025 absolutely. For the respondents to take a position against Sumner afterwards in opposition to that understanding shows greater disregard of the requirements of professional ethics. That that was the understanding is evident from the following: There was some difference of opinion among the members of this court in the Ropert case as to the bearing of the evidence in regard to the understanding at the time of the settlement upon the question of the revocability of the trust deed. That question is not now involved. There is also much evidence in this case upon that point that was not in that case. We have now to consider merely what the understanding of the parties was at the time of the settlement and more particularly what Sumner’s understanding was, and how far the respondents knew or ought to have known that. The theories of the respondents .as to that understanding, as well as upon some other points, have been so varied and shifting that it is difficult to treat of them in a satisfactory manner. They seem to have two principal theories in regard to the settlement. The one chiefly relied on is that the balance of the money, $48,025, was to remain subject to the trust by express understanding or agreement. The only direct evidence adduced in support of this, in — 173 — either the Ropert case or this case, is that, as contended, at the final settlement Mr. Buffandeau asked Sumner what he was going to do with the rest of the money, and that Sumner replied “the Bishop is still my trustee, you will get it when I die,” and that then Thompson jumped up and said “that is all we want to know; children, sign the deed.” As was stated in the opinion in the Ropert case there was .such conflict in the evidence as to just what was said. It was pointed out there that, as shown by all the evidence on that point, the question was one of mere idle curiosity asked by one who had no interest_pr claim whatever, that the reply was made in anger by Mr. Sumner, who had become wearied with the importunities of the Ellises for “'more,” and that the question itself implied that Sumner could do as he pleased with the rest of the money. The evidence in the present case is stronger against the respondents’ contention. All agree as to the question asked by Buffaundeau. Now; also, it seems to be generally agreed that Sumner’s answer at first was “none of your business,” although Sumner alone testified to that in the Ropert case. .Upon Buffandeau’s saying further that they wanted to know before they signed, it is generally agreed that Sumner said, “the Bishop is my trustee,” which, of course, was perfectly true, for the Bishop remained his trustee for a week longer before he decided to draw his money, but it seems to be pretty evident that he did not say “you will get the money when I die,” and it is probable that Thompson did not say “that is all we want to know” and doubtful if he said “children, sign the deed.” The respondents’ star witness, Mr. Catlicart, says “the matter stopped right there ” * * * Mr. Buffandeau smiled and it stopped abruptly,” that is, after Sumner’s reply, and that he does not “recollect Mr. Thompson saying anything.” Not only could the question and answer not be held to show'1 the understanding contended for, considering the circumstances; not only does it imply the contrary, but the contention that the Ellises signed the deed only on that alleged assurance of Sumner that the rest of the money would remain subject to the — 174 — .trust is simply ridiculous. According to all the. witnesses (tlie Ellises and Thompson included) Sumner, the Ellises and Thompson were all insisting on the settlement including, the execution of the deed to the railroad company, against ITighton, who persisted in his position that the part of the settlement relating to the guardianship case could be carried out only against his advice. The deed was already prepared. All were ready enough to sign, according to the direct testimony. That part had been settled. Thompson was called to the meeting by Buffandeau only because of objections to the compromise •of the guardianship case. Eurthermore, Buffandeau’s question was not asked until after even ITighton had yielded to Sumner’s wishes and Sumner and the two Davises had already .signed. In this connection reference may be made to the testimony of Mr. Watson, respondents’ witness, to the effect that immediately after the settlement Thompson told him about it .and said that the rest of the money was to remain subject, to the trust. This is relied on to show Thompson’s understanding at the time. But it is noticeable that Thompson’s reason then given for that conclusion, as stated by Mr. Watson, was not that there was an agreement to that effect, but merely, as a conclusion of law, that the proceeds would be subject to the trust because they stood in the place of the property. That reason would, of course, require all the proceeds, if any, to remain subject to the trust. But the point to be made now in connection with Buffandeau’s question is that it likewise appears from Watson’s testimony that Thompson said the same thing to him before going to the meeting at which Buffandeau asked his question, in other words the question and answer made no difference in Thompson’s estimation at the time. Respondents rely also on the fact that the Davises were required to sign a release or agreement to release, and that the Ellises were not required to do so. This release now appears to have been suggested by Mr. Humphreys and not by the Ellises. The respondents’ neglect to get releases from the Ellises as well as from the Davises for their client Sumner, is made one — 175 — of the grounds of complaint in the information in this case. But while doubtless that would have been a wise course to pursue and there is some testimony by one of respohdents’ witnesses to the effect that Sumner afterwards complained that that was not done, and two of the witnesses against the respondents testify that Thompson, when procuring the signatures of Mrs. Davis and her son, E. W. Davis, told them that the Ellises were to sign similar releases, we do not find the respondents guilty as to that. No such releases were contemplated. The distribution was made on the theory that the money was Sumner’s and that no releases were needed. This point was disposed of in the Eopert case. One or two observations may be added, however. The evidence (on both sides) in the present case seems to show that so far as Sumner and ]\Irs. Davis were concerned .(as distinguished from their attorneys) Mrs. Davis was acting in good faith in bringing the guardianship suit and was willing to discontinue that suit, if Sumner so desired, whether she received any money or not, and that it was not only Sumner’s proposition to pay her $10,000 as a gift as well as to pay $10,000 to the Bishop and each of the Ellises as gifts, but that it was his purpose, as he insisted at the time, to treat them all alike. On the day of the settlement he left the Ellises and went to live at Mrs. Davis’, where he has been ever since. Digressing now for a moment to the question of the relation of attorney and client we may, while on the subject of the release, refer to a contention, perhaps hardly more than suggested, by the respondents, to the effect that the fact that the release was prepared by them and retained by them and afterwards turned over to the Ellises shows that they were attorneys for the Ellises alone. It does not appear when it was turned over to the Ellises, but the facts connected with the release no doubt do tend to support the respondents’ theory to a certain extent, assuming of course, that they were not then acting with duplicity which we do not hold. And yet those facts can at best hardly outweigh other facts of less doubtful purport. It was only natural to get a release from the Davises, as they were at — 176 — least technically hostile to Sumner and actually so to the Ellises while the Ellises were supposed to be friendly to Sumner, and the respondents were attorneys for the Ellises as against the Davises. Moreover the release was not to the Ellises. It was to Sumner and such persons as he should name. Erom that the inference, as far as it goes, which is not very far, is that the respondents were Sumner’s attorneys. The fact that they kept the release may be' accounted for on the theory that they were his as well as on the theory that they were the Ellises’ attorneys, though we think that they kept it as more particularly representing the Ellises. The fact that they gave it to the Ellises, if that is a fact, is of little significance if, as was apparently the fact, that was after they and the Ellises had taken sides against Sumner. Now, returning to the question as to the understanding at the settlement, the other of the respondents’ two principal theories seems to be that the balance of the money remained subject to the trust as matter of law, because of the absence of an agreement to distribute it. They perhaps go a little further by attempting to maintain that the distribution of a part of the entire fund was a matter of definite contract made with reference to the Ellises’ supposed interests as beneficiaries under the trust, and that the Ellises consented to accede to Sumner’s wish to give Mrs. Davis and the Bishop each $10,000 out of the common fund and to sign the deed to the railroad company in consideration of Sumner’s- consenting to their withdrawing $10,000 apiece from the fund. (They say nothing about the $1,000 given to Sumner’s friend, Cathcart.) The difficulty with this is that it is a mere hypothesis with nothing in the evidence to support it, other than' the fact that, in view of the terms of the trust deed, there was considerable ground on which to have proceeded on such a theory, if the Ellises and their attorneys had attempted to do so. There was no talk whatever of the respective interests of the Ellises and Sumner under the trust. Neither the Ellises nor their attorneys so much as thought of examining the trust deed to see what the — 177 — interests, if any, of the Ellises thereunder were. One of the respondents’ strongest points in the present case is that they did not know the terms of the trust deed or will or the interests of the various parties thereunder. Mr. Higliton, who alone of all the attorneys examined the trust deed and will, took the position within a few weeks after he was retained and held it consistently thereafter, as shown by his acts done and words written at the time, that the enire fund was Sumner’s and that whatever others should receive would be by way of gift from him. It is true, the railroad company, warned, by all the previous Sumner litigation, of the disposition of his relatives to question his acts, insisted that they all, including the Davises, who were supposed to have no interest under the trust, should join in the deed, and there is some evidence tending to show that the Ellises made use of this as well as the influence they had over him to force Sumner to give them more than $10,000 each, but there is nothing whatever to show that they ever during those negotiations acted on the theory that the payments were in the nature of a partial distribution, by way of mutual consideration or contract, of funds held in common. Their testimony all through is that Sumner wished to give them $10,000 apiece, &c. Mr. Highton regarded these payments to the Ellises as purely voluntary gifts by Sumner to his relatives, arranged between themselves as a family matter, and that they had no legal connection with the settlement. Mr. Humphreys now goes so far as to say that, in his opinion his firm should return the $2,500 received by them at the settlement and the $1,000 afterwards received as their fee from the Ellises in the Ropert case, because they were culpably negligeut in not securing the balance of the money for them by a new trust deed, but, although he contends that he was employed by the Ellises chiefly in the matter of a proposed new trust deed, neither he nor Thompson suggested such a deed at the time of the settlement, although Thompson consulted with Humphreys on the Thursday and Eriday before and told him what it was — 178 — proposed to do and Humphreys suggested getting a release from the Davises. It may be added, in passing‘that Hr. Humphreys says that he had intended to return the fees but had not intimated that intention to any one before because he did not have the money, though he also says that his firm was doing a business of $45,000 a year. Hr. Thompson on the other hand contends that his firm earned its fees because it was through their efforts that the Ellises secured $30,000 from Sumner, but all the evidence on both sides shows that Sumner proposed himself to give them that sum and insisted on doing so. The respondents may have been entitled to their fee under their contract, but not because they secured $30,000 for the Ellises. It will hardly be necessary to point out further oral evidence or to refer to the acts of the parties to any extent, in addition to what was said on this point in the Rupert decision, as to the understanding at the settlement. Fortunately, we have now in evidence documents written at the time that leave no room for doubt. These throw some light on other points also, showing, for instance, among other things, that Hr. Highton’s view as to the relations of the respondents to Sumner and the Ellises, is -not a new invention on his part devised now as an act of revenge against the respondents for their abuse of him upon a recent occasion hereinafter referred to. The following letters between Highton and the Ellises and Sumner show what they thought at the time. An attempt was made to show that the Ellises did not understand them at the time, but they admitted that the letters were read over slowly to them by High-.ton before they signed (and they are intelligent people and understand English well) and further that one of them translated the first letter into Hawaiian in the presence of all of them though more especially for Sumner’s benefit. They are also unable to say wherein they misunderstood the letters, and that is not strange since the statements therein are fully sustained by other evidence. There is one error in the first letter the word “eighty” being written for “ninety” near the end of the letter. — 179 — “October 10th, 1902. Oahu. Railway & Land Co. ys. John K. Sumner and Bishop of Panopolis. Guardianship of John II. Sumner, John K. Sumner, by his Next Friend, Maria S.-Davis ys. Oahu Railway & Land Co. and Bishop of Panopolis. John K. Sumner, Esquire, William S. Ellis, Esquire, John S. Ellis, Esquire, Mrs. Victoria Buffandeau. My employment in the first case named above was originally for John S. Ellis, William S. Ellis and Victoria Buffandeau, and it was agreed that my fee should be $2,500.00, of which $500.00 constituting the retainer, has been paid. When Mr. John K. Sumner arrived, August 20th, 1902, it was further agreed that I should represent him, as he was and is the owner of the property involved and entitled to the proceeds thereof. I considered, however, that my employment necessarily embraced the other proceeding and suit above mentioned, and that for them no additional charge should be made. The amount to be paid to me, therefore, for the entire litigation, beyond what I have received, is Two Thousand Dollars. When Judge Humphreys left the Bench, it was further agreed that he, which of course meant the firm of Humphreys, Thompson & Watson, should also be employed specifically in the guardianship case, and that his and their fee should be Two Thousand Five Hundred Dollars. While his and their employment was limited on the record to the guardianship case, it was understood to apply to the entire business, but more directly to the interests of William S. Ellis, John S. Ellis and Mrs. Victoria Buffandeau. 1. In the case of Oahu Railway and Land Co. vs. John K. Sumner and the Bishop of Panopolis, I have kept the time alive to move or plead on behalf of Sumner, and have also thoroughly prepared to file and support a demurrer to the bill of complaint. 2. The case of John K. Sumner, by his next friend, Maria S. Davis, on his motion, has been dismissed, and an appeal from the order taken to the Supreme Court of the Territory of Hawaii. In this case as in the first, I have done a great deal of work. — 180 — 3. Tbe guardianship case has been on trial for the greater part of two weeks, and all the proceedings, preliminary and on the trial, have received my personal and undivided attention, .aided, as I have been, efficiently, by Mr. Thompson. I wish it to be distinctly understood and acknowledged in writing by you that, at no time, have I recommended any settlement of this litigation. During my entire life, I have been, and I now am, uncompromisingly opposed to submission to illegal exactions. I believe John ID Sumner to be in every respect sane, competent- and capable of managing his own property and attending to his own business, and this litigation, the objective point of which is to take money from him which is ■exclusively his own, in my opinion, is not to be justified in law or fact. Mr. Sumner, like other men, has a plain right to do as he pleases with his property or money, and I absolutely decline, in a professional capacity, to endorse any imoposal which practically denies this right. But on Thursday, October 9th, 1902, in the presence of the Eight Reverend Gulstan F. Ropert, Bishop of Panopolis,— .myself, Mr. Thompson, the Ellises, Mrs. Victoria Bufiandeau, .and John ID Sumner being in attendance, — it was definitely -agreed that the entire litigation might be settled on'the basis •of $105,000.00, to be paid by the Oahu Railway & Land Co., for the rights of John ID Sumner and his beneficiaries and relatives in the Quarantine Island property, and that of this ¡amount, in addition to the fees above mentioned, Ten Thousand Dollars hould be paid to Mrs. Maria S. Davis. The distribution .of-the remainder, which belongs to Mr. John IE Sumner, was and is to be settled between him, William S. Ellis, John S. Ellis, and Mrs. Victoria Bufiandeau. I am bound to obey the positive instructions of my clients, -and, on this ground and no other, acting under their direction, will do my best to promote the suggested compromise. I now understand that the Oahu Railway and Land Oo. proposes to pay $110,000.00 for a conveyance from all the parties of their •entire interest in the property in question, of which Five Thousand Dollars is to go to Messrs. George A. Davis and to Magoon -and Lightfoot, attorneys for Maria S. Davis. The distribution of the entire sum of $110,000.00, so far as settled, is to be as Jüollows: — 181 — To Messrs. George A. Davis and Messrs. Magoon and Lightfoot .$ 5,000.00"' To Messrs. Humphreys, Thompson & Watson. 2,500.00- To myself, embracing the whole litigation, and allowing for retainer paid. . . .'. 2,000.00 To the Bishop of Panopolis. 10,000.00' This leaves to be divided between John X. Sumner, William S. Ellis, John S. Ellis, and Mrs. Victoria Buffandeau, the sum of Eighty Thousand Eive Hundred Dollars, as they may agree among themselves, Mr. Sumner being the owner of the money. They are to meet at this office at eleven o’clock a. m. tomorrow (Saturday), October 11th, 1902, to. determine on the distribution, which is necessarily dependent upon the payment by the.Oahu Railway & Land Co. Faithfully yours, HeNey E. HightoNV “Honolulu, October 11, 1902. “Dear sir: — We have read and thoroughly understand your letter to us, dated October 10th, 1902, in reference to the litigation about the Quarantine Island property and all property embraced in the lease and option (so-called) from John X. Sumner to the Oahu Railay and Land Co. The statements in the letter-are, and each of them is, correct, and we add that you have in no way advised the compromise of the litigation, for which we hold ourselves entirely responsible, and request you to act under our instructions and, if possible, to consummate the settlement. Yours truly, JOHN X. SuMNER, Victoria S. Bueeahdeau,. William SuMNer Ellis, JoiiN S. EllisV- The next document is the letter from Sumner to the Bishop-on which the latter paid out the money. No question was raised as to Sumner’s right to make the order and no one-suggested that the Ellises should join in the order as co-beneficiaries under the trust. This order shows what the Bishop as well as Sumner and Highton understood. It was drafted by Highton and signed by Sumner. Of the $49,025 expressed" — 182 — in tbe letter as remaining subject to Sumner’s order, $1,000 was paid to Messrs. Holmes & Stanley and Mr. Stewart, attorneys for tbe Bisbop, leaving tbe $48,025 so often referred to. “Honolulu, T. H., 13tb October, 1902. "To Tbe Bigbt Reverend GulstaN E. Ropert, Bisbop of Banopolis. Right Reverend Sir: — Out of tbe sum of $94,525 in your bands as my trustee on tbe settlement made with tbe Oabu Railway and Land Company, William S. Ellis, John S. Ellis, Victoria S. Buffandeau, Maria S. Davis, please pay by cheque at once, tbe following amounts, to tbe following persons: Humphreys, Thompson & Watson.$ 2,500.00 Henry E. Highton. 2,000.00 R. W. Cathc'art. 1,000.00 William S .Ellis. 10,000.00 Victoria S. Buffandeau. 10,000.00 John S. Ellis. 10,000.00 To yourself. 10,000.00 $45,500.00 This will leave in your bands altogether $49,025 subject to my order. Of tbe sum of $110,000.00 constituting tbe full settlement, $15,275 has already been accounted for — namely, $5,000.00 to Davis and Magoon, attorneys; $10,000.00 to Maria S. Davis, and $475 constituting my proportion of tbe stamps on tbe deed to tbe Oabu Railway and Land Company. Faithfully yours, JOHN K. SuMNER.” Tbe fact that there was an allegation in tbe Bishop’s complaint in tbe Ropert case to tbe effect that it was understood that the balance of tbe money should remain subject to the trust is of little consequence as showing bis previous understanding, as we considered in tbe Ropert case, in which that fact was called to our attention. Tbe complaint was drafted by counsel and, if that allegation was particularly called to tbe Bishop’s attention, be doubtless subscribed to it in reliance oh — 183 — the representations made by tbe respondents and tbe Ellises and not on liis own understanding, for be bad botb acted and said that be bad acted on a different understanding in paying tbe money over to Sumner. The next papers are tbe receipts given by tbe Ellises. These are in Thompson’s writing, except tbe few words printed in tbe form and tbe signature by tbe Ellises: They tend to show wbat Thompson as well as tbe Ellises thought at tbe time. Two are in form as follows, signed by J. S. Ellis and Mrs. Bnffandeau respectively: “Honolulu, H. I., Oct. 14th, 1902. Received from Rt. Rev. G-ulstan Ropert, Trustee John K. Sumner, Ten Thousand Dollars, In full am’t to be paid me under settlement between Oahu Ry. & Land Co. and John K. Sumner, and being am’t directed to be paid by letter of J. K. Sumner, $10,000.” Tbe other, signed by W. S. Ellis, differs only to a slight extent, reading after tbe word “dollars” as follows: “In full settlement between Oahu Ry. & Land Oo. and John K. Sumner, and being directed to be paid me by letter of John K. Sumner.” Tbe fact that all at least except tbe respondents understood that tbe settlement was complete and final and that tbe rest of the money was subject to Sumner’s pleasure, is established. The question remains as to bow far tbe respondents knew or ought to have known that fact. They claim that they did not know of tbe correspondence between Highton and Sumner and tbe Ellises and did not see Sumner’s letter to tbe Bishop until long afterwards. We believe that they did not see tbe former letters until two months later and there is no evidence that they bad beard of them earlier. Their clients, tbe Ellises, may not bave told them As to tbe letter from Sumner to tbe Bishop, we will assume that Thompson’s statement is true that de did not see it at tbe time, although tbe receipts which be wrote refer to it, and Highton thinks be must bave shown it to him. It is not unlikely that Thompson wrote tbe receipts, as be says, on Higbton’s statement that such a letter would be written, but that does not alter tbe fact that Thompson knew that tbe — 184 — money was to be paid on Simmer’s order alone, as the reference in the receipt to Sumner’s letter shows. The receipts also show that Thompson knew that the payments were “in full settlement,” though there is perhaps some room for controversy as to what was considered fully settled. There are other specific things that tend to show that Thompson understood the theory on which the settlement was made. For instance, Sumner’s answer in the guardianship case which was filed as early as September 6, and which was signed by Thompson as counsel for Sumner, and a portion of which he helped his typewriter decipher when in manuscript form, contains the following, referring particularly to the railroad suit and the proceeds of the sale: “and this respondent proposes to exercise his own judgment, and to act upon his own will, in the disposal of any fruits 'and avails of the said suit, if compromised, or of his property generally in said Territory.” Thompson says that he thinks that he did not read this before signing it but he thinks that he may have read it without noticing this portion during the trial of the guardianship case, that is, before the settlement. Mr. Buffandeau’s question referred to above as well as the form of the Davis release, drawn by the respondents, point the same way. But not to multiply specific instances, anyone of which might perhaps, standing alone, be explainable on some other theory, the fact remains that such was the understanding of all at least except Thompson, and is it reasonable to suppose that he, who has not been accused of dullness, could have been in the thick of the negotiations for compromise and not have understood what till the others understood ? He was the only one who conducted the negotiations with the attorneys for Mrs. Davis. He and Humphreys both say that they discussed the matter of the settlement the Thursday and Friday before. He was present with all the others at the Bishop’s on Friday when the matter was gone over there and he, of course, took part at the final meeting. Grant that he did not so understand, still, can there be any question that, especially considering his relations to Sumner, there was an abundance to put him upon inquiry — 185 — before taking sides against Sumner ? See In re PaaKiki, 6 Haw. 518. Even if be might be excused on the theory that there was not enough to put him on inquiry at the time, still the day after Sumner drew the balance of the money and before the Ropert suit was begun he was sent by Humphreys to the Bishop to ascertain the facts, and, according to his own testimony, the Bishop told him in substance that he assumed that the matter had the approval of everybody, and that he had paid the money to Sumner even in spite of the fact that Sumner’s attorney, Magoon, had told him that he, Magoon, did not want him, the Bishop, to pay without first consulting his attorney, Mr. Stanley. Thompson returned to the office and told Humphreys. The latter then went to Magoon and learned what he and Sumner understood. Later, a week before the trial of the Ropert case, Humphreys asked Highton if he would testify for the Ellises, and Highton, according to Humphreys, told him that “he understood the settlement was a complete settlement and that the balance of the money belonged to Mr. „ Sumner,” and gave Humphreys copies of the letters above set out between Highton and Sumner and the Ellises. In closing the discussion on this branch of the case, already protracted far more than intended, reference must be made to the question of Mr. Highton’s credibility. To judge from their arguments one would suppose that the respondents’ chief defense was abuse of the other side, particularly the Attorney General who is prosecuting at the request of the court and as a result of investigations set in motion by the respondents themselves, and more particularly Mr. Highton and Mr. Magoon. The principal ground for attacking the credibility of these two witnesses seems to be in general that they must both have been moved to perjure themselves by way of revenge against the respondents because of shameful abuse heaped upon them by the respondents. They also endeavor to show that these witnesses falsified in certain particulars. Referring to Mr. Highton alone in connection with branch of the case, we may remark in gen — 186 — eral that, in our opinion, tbe calumnies, for they are nothing short of that, hurled against Mr. Highton, are entirely without foundation, so far as has been made to appear. Unfortunately for the the respondents there is in this case a vast amount of evidence against them in addition to Mr. Highton’s testimony. Unfortunately also for them, when there was indisputable corroborating evidence, it corroborated Mr. Highton as against the respondents. It might be sufficient to refer merely to the acts of the respondents themselves, already set forth at some length, as corroborating Mr. Highton’s testimony. But the particular matters on which the respondents chiefly rely to show Mr. Highton’s. alleged incredibility will be mentioned. These are of a merely collateral nature. The respondents attempted to show that Mr. Highton falsified as to his earlier views and statements upon the question of the revocability of the trust deed. He testified that he did not remember having stated in his present office (into which he moved more than a month after he was retained) that the will was a part of the trust deed and that they were irrevocable. He testified also that he did not fully make up his mind on that question until two or three weeks after he was retained. The respondents then introduced Messrs. Stanley and Stew'art, who had been attorneys for the Bishop, to show that Mr. Highton had made such statements to them, but they both testified merely that he made such statements within a feAv days only after he was retained, and he, ■taking the stand again, said that he may have done so within that time, though not as a final legal opinion. In the same •connection another closely related matter may be mentioned. Mr. Humphreys took the position that certain views expressed on the fourth of September upon the question of the alleged invalidity of the option in the lease were his and not Mr. High-ton’s, as the latter seemed to imply, but the witnesses, Messrs. 'Stanley and Stewart, introduced by the respondents on the matter just mentioned, also went further of their own accord -and stated that Mr. Highton soon after his retainer in August ■expressed these views in regard to the option. A more important — 187 — matter from some standpoints arose in connection with, the letters between Iiighton and Sumner and the Ellises. The respondents, especially Mr. Humphreys, attempted to make the court believe that they first learned of those letters during the trial of the Ropert case and that on the first occasion after they saw those letters, Humphreys, in righteous indignation, called Highton a damned liar, scoundrel and fraud, and charged him with having got their clients, the Ellises, to sign the letter behind their, the respondents’, backs. It may be said in passing that if anything is certain in this case from the evidence produced by the respondents as well as that of the prosecution it is that the Ellises were Mr. ITighton’s clients as well as the respondents’ clients when they signed that letter. So much for Humphreys’ charge against Highton on that occasion. But the more important point is that it was shown beyond dispute by entries made at the time by Highton in his diary, that he told Hum-phreys of those letters on the 18th of December, a week before the trial in the Ropert case began, and sent him copies of the same the next day, and that Humphreys did not empty his abuse upon him until the 12th of March following — a few days after the court requested the Attorney-General to investigate the conduct of counsel — -and it was further shown that Humphreys spoke to Highton about the letters in a courteous, though complaining, way only a few days after he received copies of them in December, and that they, Highton and Humphreys, had had correspondence and personal interviews in an amicable way from that time until March 12. Highton’s testimony and diary also show that the statements of the respondents as to what was said and done on that occasion on March 12 were false in certain particulars, as well as that their conduct on that occasion did not reflect any credit upon themselves. The respondents did not attempt to rebut Mr. Highton’s testimony. Their abuse •of him upon that occasion they rely upon as his incentive for falsely testifying against them, as they claim. According to Mr Highton they did not use as strong language as they say they did, but their conduct was such as to make him not care to have — 188 — anything to do with them thereafter. ITe Avent to their office, at their invitation in response to a telephone communication from him to them on other business, and Humphreys, Avho had previously told Thompson of his intention, called him, Thompson, in, and then, there being tAVO young men against one elderly man, Humphreys told Highton that his conduct in connection Avith the letters Avas the greatest outrage in his professional experience, &c., but did not call him a liar, scoundrel or fraud in his hearing. But it Avill be unnecessary to prolong the discussion on this line. The least said, the better for the respondents. Fortunately for them we are not disposed to judge them by the standards by which they would have us judge others. It is a curious circumstance that practically every argument or charge aimed by them against opposing Avitnesses or counsel applies with double force against themselves. What should the penalty be ? As stated above, if the relation of attorney and client existed between the respondents and Sumner to its fullest extent, the penalty, by all the authorities, should be disbarment. Where there are mitigating circumstances, it may Avell be only suspension. How fax the courts go will be illustrated by a few cases. In one case an attorney after the expiration of his term of office as attorney and counselor for the city arid county of San Francisco accepted a retainer of $100 from the attorney on the other side, not to accept employment from the city in certain cases. These cases were two of eight hundred cases pending Avhen he took office. IJe kneAV nothing of their facts. They were pending and had been decided against the city in the lower court before he took office. He directed that appeals should be taken in all the cases as a matter of precaution. When he accepted the retainer after he left office, the two cases in question had been decided by the appellate court, affirming the judgments beloAV. When he Avas offered the retainer, he said he had had nothing to do with the cases and knew nothing of them and had not been employed by the city and thought he was in a condition to accept a fee, also that he could do nothing against the city and did not wish, for — 189 — appearance’s sake, to be consulted in tbe cases. The one who retained him said that he did not want him to do anything, and that all he wanted was that he should not be employed against him. The city had already engaged other counsel. The attorney in question did not have anything further to do with the cases, and offered to give his successor in office any information about any cases in the office. The court after a very lengthy opinion upon the law suspended him for six months. In re Cowdery, 69 Cal. 32. The attorney who offered and paid the retainer was likewise suspended for the same period. In re Whittemore, Id. 67. In another case the respondent as District Attorney had drawn an indictment which had been found a true bill by the grand jury. Seven years later as attorney for the defendant, he successfully moved to set aside the indictment. In that lie was not assisted by information received in his capacity of District Attorney. The court said: “Neither his ignorance of the law, nor the crudity of his notions of professional ethics, can excuse an offense against professional propriety by one whose duty it is to assist in the administration of justice. The degree of turpitude involved in the breach of his duty by an attorney, however, must appear in the circumstances of each case. The punishment which should follow an inadvertent or ignorant departure from professional propriety — no seriously evil consequences having resulted — should be less severe than where the offense is a deliberate or corrupt violation of official oath. The circumstances presented by the record, while they go towards showing an absence of intentional wrong, do not justify respondent. However innocent his motives, his conduct must be condemned.” He was suspended for three months. People v. Spencer, 61 Cal. 128. InPrice v. Grand Rap. R. R. Co., 18 Ind. 137, the circumstances resembled to a certain extent those in the present case. The defendant had employed one attorney to whom alone he was willing to trust his cause, but other persons interested in the question employed another attorney to act as associate counsel. The defendant accepted the services, treated such associate counsel as his, consulted with him and he — 190 — took part at tbe trial. Such counsel acted for tbe plaintiff on a second trial of tbe case four years later. The court said, referring to tbe first trial: “Beyond doubt, in this state of facts, be is to be regarded as baying been tbe attorney of” tbe defendant “equally as though be bad been feed by him.” A new trial was- granted for error on tbe part of tbe lower court in not excluding tbe attorney from acting for tbe plaintiff on tbe second trial. In tbe case of Mr; Thompson, after making all due allowances for tbe looseness of tbe relationship of attorney and client between him and Mr. Sumner, and giving him all tbe benefit of doubt that reasonably can be given as to tbe extent of bis knowledge as to tbe understanding of tbe parties, especilly Mr. Sumner, at tbe settlement, and taking into consideration bis comparative youthfulness (though be disclaims any desire for allowances on this account), tbe fact that,- as appears from tbe evidence, be acted to a large extent under Mr. Humphreys’ directions, and tbe good reputation that be has borne in the community, we do not see bow, consistently with our duty under' tbe circumstances, tbe penalty can be less than suspension for one year. In the case of Mr. Humphreys tbe penalty on tbe charges thus far considered should be no less than in tbe case of Mr. Thompson, but a graver charge is made against Mr. Humphreys individually, that of attempting to persuade Mr. Magoon to betray bis client, Mr. Sumner, which will now be considered. On tbe day after Mr. Sumner, in company .with Mr. Magoon as bis attorney, drew tbe balance of tbe money, $48,025, from the Bishop, Mr. Humphreys called at Mr. Mago on’s office, and the following took place, according to Mr. Magoon’s testimony: “Mr. Humphreys came into my office and said be wanted to speak to me on a matter of grave importance. I gave him an audience. I think we were closeted alone in tbe room. He told me it was tbe Sumner matter, be said be bad been told that I bad withdrawn or assisted Mr. Sumner in withdrawing money — 191 — from tlie Bishop and depositing it in the Bank for Mr. Sumner. He gave me a letter which he said he had sent to Bishop & Co. * * * He stated that it was an improper thing for me to have-done, to have withdrawn this money, but he said that he wanted to settle the matter — that he did not — said that he would make an offer of compromise which would be satisfactory to all concerned he thought and his suggestion was — he offered that the Ellises take $30,000 and Mr. Sumner take the rest, $18,025. I told him that was not a fair compromise, in fact wasn’t a compromise at all and that I could not recommend it to my client. Still he said, the old man Sumner was going to Tahiti, he would not want very much money, would spend it all, it would be enough for him. I said I thought not, I didn’t think it fair that the Ellises should take the whole $30,000 and give Sumner $18,025, that didn’t seem to be fair. He said ‘You don’t c-are anything for Sumner, what do you care for Sumner \ Let him go. What do you care, what do we care if we can get Our fees out of him. They will spend the money airy way.’ I still persisted and said I did not think it was right, I did not think Mr. Sumner will agree to it. He said he would agree to it if I would advise it. I said I could not advise it. Finally he said, ‘If this settlement is agreed upon I can charge the Ellises $5,000 for my services,’ and that I might charge $3,000, * * I could get $3,000 out of it and that he could get $5,000; that was we cared for, that was our fees. And I said, no, I could not do it. Then he said, ‘Well, you think it over, you think the matter over and talk it over with Mr. Sumner and let me know/ I said ‘Well, I will do it,’ I would submit the matter to Mr. Sumner anyway. * * * He said that he would bring suit on behalf of the Ellises unless this matter was compromised, bring suit' on behalf of the Elises, bring suit to regain this money, as be had notified Bishop & Co. that' he would do. I said, that was all right, go ahead. He said, ‘And I will see to it that Sumner will never get a dollar of it. I will keep this in Court until after Sumner’s death. He never shall have a dollar of this money. If I am beaten before the Circuit Court, and I don’t think I shall be, I shall take it to the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of the Territory and if I am beaten there I shall take it to the Supreme Court of the United States. I shall not be beaten by anything. I will keep it in litigation — 192 — bo long as -Sumner lives.’ I said, ‘Yon cannot do that, take it to the Supreme Court of the United States. There is no federal ■question involved. You cannot take it to the Supreme Court of the United States.’ ‘Oh,’ he said, -‘You can make a federal question in any case. Yon can raise a federal question in any case, pretty nearly in any case yon could get it in, it doesn’t make any difference what it is, whether it is valid or not, yon can take ú to the Supreme Court, and I will see that it is kept in litigation as long as Sumner lives and that he will never get a dollar of it.’ * * * * Before he went away he said I must not say anything about fees, he spoke to me confidentially. ‘We must keep that between ourselves.’ ” . Afterwards, Mr. Magoon, having seen Mr. Sumner, went, as he testifies, “to Mr. Humphreys’ office on Bethel street and told him that I came for the purpose of ascertaining whether some reasonable settlement could not be made. I said that the settlement ‘you’ propose is out of the question and he did not let me finish, he stopped me before I finished, saying what I had to say. He said, ‘well now, if you have come for a settlement I want to have you understand that I will not take anything less than $30,000. I will not take $29,999.99. I want $30,000 or nothing.’ I said, ‘Well, if that is the way you feel about it there is absolutely no use for us to talk. I don’t want to waste your .time nor mine,’ and I turned round and left the office without ■any further talk.” Mr. Humpheys’ version is as follows: “I then said to these people (the Ellises), arranged with them for getting a $1000 fee for this money. I knew Mr, Sumner’s age, about eighty-five years of age. I said — I was reasoning to myself- — I said, here is $48,000, call it $50,000. .Invested at 6%, would make $3,000, a fair rate of interest on a trust fund, $3,000 per annum. Mr. Sumner’s life expectancy cannot in the nature of things exceed five years. That would leave him $15,000 from the $48,000, $3,000 a year.. $30,000 would go to the Ellises. I thought the $3,000 would be used in effecting a settlement, believing at that time, not having seen the trust deed, that the trust might be terminated. I made the contract on the basis of $30,000 and they paid me •cash, a fee of $1,000. After leaving Bishop & Co. with this — 193 — letter, I met in front of tbe Post Office, Clinton J. Hutchins. I asked him what would be the expectancy of a man about eighty-four and he said three and a fraction years. I had granted Mr. Sumner five years, not having any table at hand. Mr. Hutchins said it would be three years and a fraction (8-10). I went from there to the recorder’s office and made a pencil copy (of the trust deed) which was afterwards typewritten by my stenographer. Returning from the Recorder’s office I stopped in at Magoon’s and informed him of the letter which I had written to Bishop & Co. He asked me if I had a copy of the letter and I told him that I had and that I would send it to him during the day, which I did. I asked Magoon for the will. He says — I said, ‘This will has been delivered to you, I would like to see it.’ My recollection is that he said it was destroyed. He either said cancelled or destroyed. I might have construed the word Cancelled, thought it convertible with destroyed. He denies that he said it was destroyed, he says he said it was cancelled. Probably that is true. It is more than likely that he used that term and I understood by that that it was destroyed. He then asked if there was a possibility of a settlement. I told him that there was — of Sumner’s life expectancy, of the conversation I had had with Hutchins and my own expression. Well, take it at five years, that would be $15,000. There will be $3,000 left over for chips and whetstones. I did not propose to Mr. Magoon that I would charge $5,000 and he could charge $3,000, nor did I propose to charge my clients $5,000 because I had made a contract which had already been paid, for the services which were contemplated.” These two versions are flatly contradictory in the parts which are now of chief importance. They cannot be reconciled on any theory of misunderstanding or failure of memory. Which witness should be believed % So far as interest is concerned Mr. Humphreys has almost as great an interest as it is possible to have to avoid the natural consequences of Mr. Magoon’s testimony. Mr. Magoon’s only interest, so far as can be contended, is to get even with his brother-in-law, by practically ruining him, because of the abuses which the latter has heaped upon him in the Ropert case. The — 194 — contention is in substance that the respondent has practically disqualified the witness against him by taking pains to give him cause for retaliation. It is hardly likely that Mr. Magoon 'would deliberately and premeditatedly concoct a story of this sort for the purpose of inflicting such dire results upon one in Mr. Humphreys’ position. There was nothing in Mr. Ma-goon’s attitude or testimony to indicate that he was falsifying. And, as for feelings of animosity or ill-will, none were manifested on the part of Mr. Magoon, while scarcely more could be shown on the part of Mr. Humphreys. Mr. Magoon no doubt felt deeply grieved at Mr. Humphreys’ unjust abuse of him in the Bopert case. If he had not, he would scarcely have been human. But throughout the Bopert case, so far as we can see, he refrained as far as he could from introducing questions of differences between counsel. When he reflected on opposing counsel it was only in so far as he had to adduce facts and argue from them in the interest of his client. He did not go out of his way as did Mr. Humphreys to attack counsel. He restrained himself as well as could be expected, considering the provocation. But we are not obliged to rely solely on the appearance and attitude of the witnesses on the stand, nor on their respective personal interests. There is much that tends to support Mr. Magoon as against Mr. Humphreys. The respondents in their answer in these proceedings as well as in their testimony take the position that all offers of compromise in the Ropert case came from Sumner’s attorneys, and Mr. Humphreys in his testimony above quoted says that the offer to compromise on the occasion now in question came from Mr. Magoon. As a matter of fact, with the exception of the instance above shown, when Mr. Magoon after he had seen his client at Mr. Humphreys’ request, went to the latter, to see if some reasonable compromise could not be effected, was steadfastly opposed to compromises throughout. This is established beyond a doubt by the witnesses on both sides. Mr. Magoon’s associate, Mr. Davis, apparently was eager to compromise and Mr. Magoon had to resist his importunities as well as those of — 195 — opposing counsel. There was much negotiation for a compromise later on. The proposition, which may have originated with; Mr. Davis, was to settle by Sumner’s paying the Ellises between $10,000 and $15,000. The furthest that Mr. Magoon got was to yield against his will, at the desire of his client, Sumner, to a proposition to pay $12,000, but he successfully held out against the respondents’ insistance on $1,000 more to cover their fee, and thereupon the negotiations ceased. The fact that Mr. Humphreys calculated the amounts and consulted an insurance agent on the basis of Sumner’s expectancy of life, before going to Mr. Magoon’s office, also shows pretty clearly that he went there for the purpose of proposing a compromise. The nature of Humphreys’ conversation on the occasion in question, as one of the threats and bluff, is corroborated by his-attitude throughout. In the first place, there is much reason to believe that his proposition to take $30,000 for the Ellises was-not made in the best of faith or as a pfcopostion to be considered on its own merits alone. We need not consider what Mr. Humphreys already knew as to the understanding at the previous settlement. Nor need we more than advert to the fact already mentioned that Mr. Humphreys was later willing to accept $13,000. He attempts to make a plausible case on the basis of Mr. Sumner’s life-expectancy. He does not, however, consider that of the entire $110,000 Sumner had not received a cent, other than the $48,025 then in question, or that $62,000 had already gone, or that the Ellises had already received $30,000. He accused Mr. Magoon of having done an improper-thing and said that he would get into trouble because he had assisted in obtaining the money from the trustee and that without first examining the trust deed, although the trustee as well as Mr. Magoon’s client considered that the latter was entitled, to the money, which, as the court afterwards held, was the fact, and Mr. Magoon had suggested to the trustee that he consult his attorney, Mr. Stanley, before paying over the money. And yet that was just what Mr. Humphreys’ firm had done. They had assisted in taking out $62,000 without looking at the trust: — 196 — deed. Mr. Humphreys, it is true, says that be would not have rtaken bis $2,500 fee at tbe time of tbe settlement without examining tbe trust deed, but be did not suggest to Mr. Thompson .to examine tbe deed when tbe latter told him of tbe proposed settlement and be was ready enough to share in tbe fee after it bad been paid, without examining tbe deed. Again if Mr. Humphreys bad known tbe contents of tbe will, which be contends was made a part of tbe deed by reference, be would have known that by tbe terms of tbe trust tbe Bishop (for tbe church .and St. Louis College) was a beneficiary remainderman after Sumner’s death to tbe extent of one-fourth of -the trust fund absolutely, and that each of tbe Ellises was a beneficiary remain-derman to tbe extent of one-fourth only for tbe life of tbe survivor of them, and that subject to certain conditions. Mr. Hum-phreys says that be bad not seen tbe will, though be says that be bad previously bad a general knowledge of its contents. But be did not think it worth while to ask Mr. Higbton as to its contents although tbe latter bad told him seven weeks before that be bad examined it, nor did be think to inquire of tbe trustee or tbe latter’s attorney who would be likely to have known tbe terms of tbe will. But Mr. Humphreys says that .be .bad, on bis way to Mr. Magoon’s on that day, copied tbe trust deed from tbe public records. He therefore knew its consents. That, apart from tbe will, showed that Sumner’s heirs, .then, of course, unascertained, were tbe remaindermen, and Mr. Humphreys knew that Mrs. Davis was an heir apparent to Sumner to tbe same extent as tbe three Ellises together, and yet .she was left out of bis calculations. . In tbe next place, Mr. Humphreys’ attitude was one of threat and of harassment of Mr. Magoon throughout. He began with .a tirade against Magoon in tbe answer which be drafted for tbe .Ellises in tbe Kopert case. To use bis own concessions on tbe witness stand, “a great deal of it (tbe answer) is impulsive and immaterial, impertinent matter.” Speaking of a particular portion of tbe answer, be concedes that it “is an abusive statement.” -In-this-connection reference may be made to an allega — 197 — tion in the complaint to the effect that Mr. Humphreys did not" sign the answer as counsel because he knew that he could not' properly appear against Sumnei in that case. We do not find.' this allegation sustained. We believe Mr. Humphreys’ explanation, which, we may add, is corroborated by Thompson and. Watson. He says that just before drafting the answer he told' Mrs. Humphreys of .his intention and that she deprecated the-idea of making charges against Magoon, in view of her relations to Mrs. Magoon, and that, out of deference to her wishes, he-suggested to his partners that they alone sign the answer, which.they did in their separate names as “solicitors,” but that soon, after it struck him, Humphreys, that “it was an inconsistent thing to do,” that it looked “like shooting from ambush, as disingenuous.” Thereafter he appeared on record, signing his name separately as “of counsel.” He was the leading counsel, in that case and throughout, both below and in this court, his attitude was one of the extreme bitterness and asperity towards-Mr. Magoon. It seemed as if the greater part of his lengthy argument in that case in this court w'as directed against Mr. Ma-goon rather than for his own clients, and after asking in this court for an immediate investigation of the conduct- of all counsel in the case and acquiescing in a reference of the matter to the Attorney General by this court, he neglected and declined to make any statement in response to the written request of that official. In his argument in the present case, and this is equally true of Mr. Thompson’s argument, he went to a length deserving of severe censure. Both respondents were-allowed unusual liberty in their arguments in view of the peculiar position in which they were placed. Reference may be made to some particular instances showing Mr. Humphrey’s threatening attitude, some of which occurred" outside of the court. Mr. Wundenberg, who is connected with-Mr. Magoon in business, says that on one occasion, “Mr. Humphreys came to my office and made this remark, something to this effect, that he was tired of talking to Mr. Ma-goon and he addressed himself to me, and, as my recollection — 198 — goes, it was as regards tbe filing of some instrument in the case with Sumner. He stated that if that was filed he would file an answer that would raise the roof off the Magoon building and part of the Judiciary Building,” and, on cross-examination, he ;says, “it struck me as a threat, if Magoon did certain things, ;you would do certain things.” Mr. Humphreys says that Mr. Wundenberg’s statement is substantially correct, that the document referred to by him, Humphreys, was the Ellises’ answer in the Bopert case, and that that was the way he felt. Mr. Lightfoot, an attorney associated with Mr. Magoon in practice, testified: “I had been, I was working in the library and Judge Hum-phreys was also working there, and and having finished our work we began to speak about the Sumner case as it was called, meaning the case of Bopert against Sumner. Mr. Humphreys stated that he did not care particularly how Judge He Bolt should rule in that case, that if it were not for the fact that it would be considered a discourtesy by him towards the court, he would not even argue the case . Mr. Humphreys further stated in very emphatic terms that he was confident that he would win out before the Supreme Court of the Territory of Hawaii and producing a large number of gold coins from his pocket, offered to wager with me that sum against a small sum that he would so win. Mr. Humphreys further stated that in the event he (Humphreys) should be defeated in the appeal— in the appeal to the Supreme Court of the Territory, of Hawaii, in case such an appeal would be taken, he would further appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States of America -and that John K. Sumner would never see — -never live to see ■the end of the litigation.” Mr. Humphreys does not dispute this, but contends that he was in earnest and felt confident that he would win, and that le, as Mr. Lightfoot also says, mentioned the possible disqualification of two members of this court as a basis on which to raise •a federal question. In 'February, upon Mr. Magoon’s having said to Mr. Humphreys’ partner, Mr. Watson, that he intended to move in this court that the Bopert case be advanced on the «alendar, Mr. Humphreys, referring to the proposed affidavits — 199 — in support of the motion, wrote to Mm: “Go .ahead and file your affidavits and we will meet you with counter-affidavits, and we think we have a surprise in store for you.” The surprise related to a trust deed which had been executed by Sumner to R. W. Davis after the Ropert suit had begun, covering a portion of the firnd in dispute. There certainly could be no objection to Mr. Humphreys being confident of his case or to his intention to appeal it from one court to another, if necessary, as long as any appeal would lie, if such were the facts, nor to his expressing himself to that effect in terms as emphatic as he pleased. Even an attempt at a game of bluff resorted to in his ardor for the interests of his clients might, at least if within certain limits, be overlooked. That is not the question. The question is whether his conduct as a whole in this direction, especially considering its groundlessness and, we may add, Mr. Humphreys’ prior friendliness to Mr. Magoon, does not tend to corroborate to some extent, and we think it does, Mr. Magoon’s testimony as to the attitude of Mr. Humphreys at the interview on the 22nd of October. At that time they were on exceedingly friendly terms, as they both testify. They called each other by their first names. Mr. Humphreys and his family visited Mr. Magoon and his family at the latter’s country places at the beach at Kaalawai and in Nuuanu valley. They were brothers-in-law. Reference will now be made to particular matters upon which this respondent relies to show that Mr. Magoon perjured himself. We have already mentioned his contention that Mr. Ma-goon must have felt revengeful towards him in consequence of his abuse of him. Another point relied on relates to the matter now in question. It is that Mr. Magoon was not jmrticularly impressed at the time of the conversation in question that Mr, Humphreys’ proposition was dishonorable. It may be that Mr. Magoon’s sense of professional ethics was not of the highest or at least that Mr. Humphreys did not so regard it. If the latter had so regarded it, he would not have thought of making — 200 — sucb a proposal to Mr. Magoon. But this much may be said, that, as already stated, the two were on most intimate terms, and naturally Mr. Humphreys on the one hand would think himself safe, especially if he thought Mr. Magoon a little weak in this direction, and Mr. Magoon on the other hand would hot be so likely to express resentment at the proposal. As a matter of fact he persisted that, while he said that he would mention the matter to his client Because Mr. Humphreys requested it, he could not advise his client to accept the proposition. That it did not strike him as glaringly improper to the extent that it ought to have, does not show that he falsified in his testimony. If he were bent, as the contention is, on procuring Mr. Hum-phreys’ disbarment, to such an extent as to fabricate his story out of nothing, he could easily have made it worse, and certainly could have expressed greater disapproval of Mr. Humphreys’ conduct. The following from Mr. Magoon’s cross-examination shows how he did express himself on this point. Cross-examination by Mr. Humphreys: “Q. I told you I would charge $5,000 ? A. You did. Q. Also that you could charge $3,000 ? A. You did. Q. You looked upon it as unconscionable, did you not ? A. Unfair. Q. Do you look upon it as dishonorable ? A. I did not at the time, I did not think it was dishonorable so far as you were concerned. I did not know what motive was there. Q. You did not show any resentment, did you ? A. I did not. Q. Did you suggest the impropriety of the proposal — that it was an improper proposal for me to make you ? A. I did not * * * Q. I asked you to keep this matter secret ? A. You did. Q. How did that suggestion impress you? A. As to keeping secret? Matter of fact. Q. You say you did not regard it as improper ? Now I suggested that you charge what you considered an unfair fee and that I take for me what you thought an extortionate and unconscienable sum? A. I never said it. Q. I asked you to keep it secret. Was that inconsistent with candor, honor and professional propriety and fidelity to my client and your client ? A. In the first place I could not charge a fee of $3,000 without my client knowing it and you could not charge a fee of $5,000 — 201 — without your clients knowing it and if your clients, if you' wanted to charge them $5,000, as far as I was concerned, I did' not care to keep it secret, but you wanted it kept secret, so I said, nothing. Q. In connection with my asking you to keep it secret it didn’t impress you that I was pursuing a course of dishonesty ? A. I did not give it a thought one way or the other. I should not charge a $3,000 fee for the work I had done. You-said I could do so but that didn’t make any difference to me. Q.. You have testified disparagingly of the proceeding, you have testified on the theory that it is relevant and that it tends to impeach me as a member of the bar. I ask you why you didn’t think so at the time and now think so ? A. I didn’t say I now think so.” Cross-examination by Mr. Thompson: “Q. Now, Mr. Magoon, when Judge Humphreys made the proposition to you to settle for $30,000, he to receive a fee of $5,000 and you to receive a fee of $3,00, you regarded the proposition as unconscionable? A. Yes, I did. Q. Just a moment until I get through and we will get along'more rapidly. A. Excuse me, I thought you had finished. Q. And refused’ to accept it and said yesterday that you would not have charged, a fee of $3,000 if you had settled the matter ? A. I did and I say so still. I do think it is absolutely unconscionable and unreasonable to get parties to compromise like that and then charge a fee of $5,000 for it. There was no litigation in court, nothing to do, but simply come up to my office. It was outrageous and besides it would leave Mr. Sumner only $18,000' and I take $3,000. Now, how much fee did you receive in the settlement of Maria S. Davis? A. I received $2,500. ■ Q. What did you do in that settlement ? A. I did nothing in the settlement, but one time I had an interview with you. That is all. How much did Mr. Davis get? A. I don’t know. Yes, I do. I don’t know how much got. I know how much he said he got. Q. How much was it ? A. He was- to get $5,000. He gave me half of his fee. He told me he would. Q. You got one-third of $15,000 ? Mr. Magoon and Mr. Davis meaning the team who worked together, you and Mr. Davis got one-third of’ $15,000 as a fee for it but one-sixth of $18,000 was unscienable ? A. No, in one case it was merely a bluff as I construed it, absolutely, demand, stand-up, hold-up of Mr. Sumner, to pay — 202 — $18,000 without my reason, right, justice or any equity about it and to charge $5,000 for work of that sort certainly without doing a thing excepting come into my office, I think is unconscionable and outrageous. Q. Didn’t yon say yesterday that yon saw nothing improper in it and did not so regard it ? A. So far as anything criminal I saw nothing improper in it. Q. Then— A. Let me finish. There was nothing you could charge Mr. Humphreys with as criminal, but so far as the proprities, so far as the reasonableness of it, I said yesterday I would not take $3,000 if I had compromised that matter as a fee. Q. Then impropriety with you means only criminalty ? A. Well it might be, I don’t know about that. Q. Didn’t you say yesterday, you .saw nothing improper in it and that you submitted it to your client ? A. In that sense I had to submit it to my client. I said to Mr. Humphreys — as you have — as he came to me there was nothing improper — I said, 'Mr. Humphreys, I would refuse to recommend it to my client.’ He said, you think the matter over and then let — me know. Q. Did you say that yesterday, that you refused to recommend it ? A. I think I did. I think I said so; I am pretty sure of it. Q. But you did say yesterday that there was nothing improper in it and you did not think so. A. What I had reference to in improper proposal in the matter, he made no attempt to pay me any part of his fee. It was in the nature of a threat. He said to me, 'You have been doing an improper thing. You are going to get yourself into trouble here. I am going to bring suit, I am going to expose it.’ I said, 'All right, go ahead.’ That didn’t phase me at all. Then he said he would prolong litigation, we could get nothing out .of it during Mr. Sumner’s life time, I would not get anything. That propostion to compromise. There was a certain thing — I was under obligations to him, he has been to my house any number of times, we were friendly, I had treated him as such, we had been on most intimate terms, I had done everything possible. He said he would get $5,000 if I could' — if I would consent, I would benefit him $5,000 and could get $3,000 myself. I simply said, 'No, I would nót, I could not do it.’ I would rather submit the proposition to Mr. Sumner, but I was sure he would not talk. Q. How Judge Humphreys came to you with a blackmail, a bluff you call it— A. I considered it ,a bluff. It is a proposition to blackmail, but he might have — 203 — thought that he had a good show. He said, H will beat, beat. You haven’t a show. I am confident I can beat it in the Circuit Court. I will beat you and you’ll never get a dollar of it.’ Q. Hid he threaten to verbally chastise you, didn’t he? A. No, he didn’t. ‘You are going to lose; the matter is coming up,’ he said. Q. The proposition to blackmail your client didn’t offend you ? You saw nothing improper in it ? A. The way I looked at it, there was nothing to blackmail. Q. The way you looked at it? Oh, point of view. I want— A. Here is a man I had been on the most intimate terms with. I didn’t want to consider it in the light of blackmail. He didn’t consider it so. I did. As far as the circumstances I considered it in the light of blackmail.’ Q. Yet you swore yesterday he considered it proper ? A. If he thought it was proper he had that right. Q. Were you swearing to Judge Humphreys’ opinion yesterday or your own? A. I didn’t see anything in his making a proposition if he thinks it right. To him it was all right. As far as the proposition, it was an outrage. Erom his standpoint it might be proper. Erom my standpoint it was .absolutely improper. He didn’t bribe me in any way — didn’t say he would give me a part of his fee. ‘You can charge $3,Q00 in this matter. Sumner will spend the money. You don’t care anything about Sumner. What do we care for him ?’ Q. And all that you did not deem improper and take any offense at? A. How could I take offense at it ?” There were several collateral matters relied on as tending to show Mr. Magoon’s alleged incredibility. One relates to a certain power of attorney from Sumner to Magoon and a certain deed from Sumner to R. W. Davis — which were drafted in Magoon’s office during the pendency of the Ropert case. The real object in going into this matter apparently was to show that Mr. Magoon had himself acted in an improper manner, and especially that he had attempted a fraud on the court but, that failing, an attempt was made to show that he falsified as to the nature and contents of those instruments. The attempt was to contradict him in those respects by the testimony of the notary public who took the acknowledgments to those instruments. But practically the only difference brought out was — 204 — that Hr. Magoon thought that the power of attorney was a special power of attorney because, among other reasons, he could not act under it in any particular without first obtaining the approval of ft. W. Davis, while the notary had entered in his book his classification of the instrument as a general power of attorney. It is true, Mr. Magoon testified very reluctantly on those matters, but he kept nothing back when the questions were specifically put to him, and, of course, he naturally could see no reason why he should be questioned upon those instruments. These matters were irrelevant. The testimony was admitted on Mr. Humphreys’ promise to connect it, which he failed to do. Another matter replied on for the same purpose is a contra-dcition between Mr. Magoon and Mr. Humphreys in regard to a conversation in which one of them called the attention of the other to the fact that a certain affidavit had been filed in one of the Sumner cases some years ago, which, it was claimed,, might be used in Washington to prevent the railroad company from effecting a compromise with the Federal government in regard to the title to the Sumner property involved in the railroad suit. The most that could be contended on this point is that we have merely'Mr. Humphreys’ statement against Mr. Magoon’s, and the fact that they contradicted each other as to that would not show that Mr. Magoon as against Mr. Hum-phreys falsified as to the proposition made to compromise on October 22. But so far as the indications go we are not sure but that they favor Mr. Magoon. There are several alleged points of difference in their statements. One relates to the time when the conversation took place. Mr. Humphreys says that it was August 18, the night of a certain fire'. Mr. Magoon says that it was when Mr. Humphreys spoke to him about going into the case, as to which Mr. Humphreys agrees, but that he does not remember whether the case (the railroad case) was already begun or about to be begun. There is no contradiction there. Another point relates to the place where the conversa205 lion took place. Mr. Magoon says that it was at bis beacb place at Kaalawai when Mr. Humphreys was visiting there. Mr. Humphreys says that it was on the ride to the fire from Mr. Magoon’s valley place when he, Humphreys, was visiting there, and that he visited Kaalawai in April, long before the case was begun, though he does not say also that he did not visit there afterwards. According to Mr. Humphreys, he and Mr. Magoon had talked over the Sumner matter at length the evening before, he, Humphreys, beginning the conversation and having that subject much on his mind, and Mr. Magoon made the suggestion as to the affidavit when they were riding to the fire at about two o’clock in the morning. Mr. Magoon says that they were that night driving at a three minute gait down hill in darkness and that both were intent on the fire, each fearing that his own property was in danger, and that he himself had all he could do looking after the horse, and that he did not think the matter of the affidavit was mentioned during those ten minutes or less of excitement. Suppose the conversation did occur on that drive. That was merely a matter of memory as to the particular occasion when a conversation took place and did not affect the truthfulness of either witness as to what was said or even as to the occasion. Another and more important point of difference relates to who made the suggestion as to the affidavit. Each says that the other did. It seems that both were attorneys in the case in which the affidavit was filed, but that the affidavit was filed by the firm then consisting of Mr. Hum-phreys and another, and that Mr. Magoon, who was on the other side, had ceased to take a leading part in the case, other counsel having come in as leading counsel. The fact that the suggestion was to make use of the affidavit in Washington and that both witnesses agree that Mr. Humphreys was the one who mentioned Washington, and that the matter was on his mind and that Mr. Magoon had no thought then of coming into the case and that Mr. Magoon, when afterwards asked to come in on the other side, first telephoned to Mr. Humphreys — 206 — to see if be bad any objections, in view of tbeir previous conversation, tends to confirm Mr. Magoon. But, after all, wbat difference does it make ? It was at most merely a question of memory, not involving a question of truthfulness on either side. We have referred to it, and to the other matters under this head, at such length merely because so much is made of them by this respondent. The credibility of a witness cannot be shaken in this way. It seems child’s play to go into these collateral matters involving mere questions of memory. If they tended to show Mr. Magoon false to his oath, there are other things that, on similar reasoning, would show beyond doubt Mr. Humphreys’ falsity. He has made statements which are beyond question false, but which we have no hesitation in saying he did not intend to make. They can easily be accounted for on the theory of inadvertence or impulsiveness or recklessness. As to how far he should be regarded as credible in general, as shown by all the matters in the case, many of which are set forth in this opinion, we need not say. The question is not so much whether he is false as whether Mr. Magoon is to be believed as to what he said as to the proposition of October-22. It is impossible to set forth fully in written detail all that contributes to one’s conclusion concerning the credibility of a witness. We feel convinced that Mr. Magoon told the truth as to the conversation that took place between him and Mr. Hum-phreys on the 22nd of last October. Mr. Humphreys, on the evidence, is guilty of having attempted to induce Mr. Magoon to betray his client — an aged credulous man easily imposed upon and of whom others, as. Mr. Humphreys knew, had previously taken advantage. In order to accomplish this he urged considerations of personal friendship, resorted to threats, and suggested large booty. “What do wye care for Sumner, yet him go, all we care for is our fees.” There is but, one conclusion — disbarment. As Mr. Justice Brewer said in the passage quoted in the first- part of this opinion: We “cannot tolerate for a moment, neither can — 207 — the profession, neither the community, any disloyalty on the part of a lawyer to his client. In all things he must be true to that trust, or, failing it, he must leave the profession.” Attempting to induce another to betray his client is as bad as proposing to betray one’s own client — perhaps worse. That was the position taken in the Cowdery and Whittemore cases above cited. The imposition of the penalty is not merely for the purpose of punishing the wrongdoer. It is even more for the protection of the profession and the public. Attorney General L. Andrews and Assistant to the Attorney General, P. L. Weaver, in support of the complaint. Respondents in pesron; John W. Gathcart also for respondent. F. E. Thompson. The judgment of the court is that the respondent Frank E. Thompson be and he is hereby suspended from acting as an attorney or counselor at law in the courts of this Territory for the period of one year from this date, and that the respondent A. S. Humphreys be and he is hereby disbarred, and that his name be and it is hereby stricken from the roll of attorneys, and counselors of the courts of this Territory.