Uuku v. Kaio

OPINION OP THE COURT BY PERRY, J. The plaintiff brought an action to quiet title, claiming an undivided one-eighth interest in fee simple in certain lands described in the declaration. The defendants denied that plaintiff had any title and the verdict and the judgment were for the defendants. Thereupon plaintiff sued out this writ of error. At the trial now under review it was stipulated “that the plaintiff and the defendants both claim an interest in the lands described in plaintiff’s complaint under the same source of title, to wit, as heirs of Isaac H. Kahilina, deceased; that the defendants claim an interest in the lands described in plaintiff’s complaint as the heirs of Isaac H. Kahilina, deceased, by descent from said Isaac II. Kahilina; and that all of the lands described in plaintiff’s complaint were at and before the death of Isaac H. Kahilina owned by him in fee simple.” Erom undisputed evidence it further appeared that the defendants were the daughters of Kaukalia, the brother of Isaac Kahilina; that the parents of Isaac and Kaukaha were Kahilina, Senior, and Kenoi (w) ; and that the plaintiff was the son of Ana, one of the daughters of Paulo (k) and la (w). It was claimed by the plaintiff and not denied by the defendants that if Paulo was, as asserted by the plaintiff, the half brother of Isaac Kahilina the plaintiff was entitled .to a verdict for an undivided one-eighth interest in the lands described in the declaration; and the sole issue of fact at the trial was whether Paulo was the half brother of Isaac, the plaintiff’s claim upon this point being that Kahilina, Sr., was the second husband of Kenoi, — 712 — that the latter had a first husband named Kamahuula and that Paulo was the son of Kenoi by Kamahuula. The verdict shows that the jury found from the evidence that Paulo was not the half brother of Isaac or at least that the plaintiff did not prove to the satisfaction of the jury by a preponderance of the evidence that Paulo and Isaac were half brothers. It is assigned as error that the finding is contrary to law, in that, as it is contended, the plaintiff’s evidence was a prima facie showing of the existence of the relationship and that the defendants’ proof did not rise beyond the dignity of a “scintilla of evidence” of its non-existence. Kenoi, Kahilina, Sr., Isaac, Kaukaha and Paulo were all dead at the time of the trial. Kamahuula, presumably, died before Kenoi. Testimony from any and all of these persons was therefore unavailable. So also the plaintiff did not produce any entries from a family Bible or from tombstones or any other record evidence of a similar nature. His case upon the disputed question of fact rested wholly upon hearsay testimony properly admitted under the well-known pedigree exception to the hearsay rule. Six witnesses gave this testimony, which was to the effect that on one or more occasions Paulo or Kaukaha or Isaac, or more than one of them, as the case might be, had stated to each of the witnesses that Kenoi, the wife of Kahilina, Sr., had a first husband named Kamahuula and that Paulo was the son of Kenoi by Kamahuula and therefore the half-brother of Isaac and Kaukaha. In view of plaintiff’s contention that the jurors were under a legal obligation to accept this evidence as true and to return thereon a verdict in his favor, some further reference to these witnesses and their testimony will not be out of place. Hana Scott and Puali Keawe were daughters of Paulo and sisters of Ana, the plaintiff’s mother. Each testified that their parents had six daughters, Hana, Puali, Ana, Maluae, Pouli and Mahoe. On cross-examination Hana admitted that some years earlier at a judicial hearing concerning the administra — 713 — tion of the estate of Isaac Kahilina she had “only mentioned three” daughters of her parents, explaining the former testimony by saying that four witnesses who had in that proceeding taken the stand before her had testified to three daughters only and that she (Hana) was excited and had “testified the same way” as the four witnesses. Isaac died in 1902; and yet Hana, who was born in 1867, admitted that she had once only visited at Isaac’s. Puali likewise admitted that in the administration ease she had testified that Paulo and la had only two children, giving as a reason for her testimony that she was excited; and defendants introduced in evidence an affidavit sworn to by Puali in 1905 in which the deponent said, inter alia, that “Paulo (k) married la (w) and two children were born by them, viz.: Hana (w) and Puali Keawe (w).” Puali, while testifying that Paulo had told her who his parents were, said that neither of her parents had ever told her the name of her maternal grandmother. Uuku, the father of plaintiff, after stating that he had known Paulo and that he had heard that his wife, Ana, and Puali were related to Paulo, was asked, “What did he say about his relationship with these people” (meaning, clearly, Ana and Puali) “if anything?” and replied, “He said he had two brothers on Kauai.” The answer was stricken out, by consent, because not responsive. Mrs. Paookalani and Noa Kuiki were not related to any of the members of the family under consideration. Paoo thought he was related to some of them but far from clear as to what the relationship was. Noa on cross-examination testified that Isaac had told him that Kahilina, Sr., was the father of Paulo as well as of Kaukaha and Isaac, a claim in conflict with that presented by. the testimony of four of the other witnesses called on plaintiff’s behalf. Paoo testified in his direct examination that Kaukaha told him that he had two brothers, Paulo and Isaac, and that Paulo told him that he had two brothers, Kaukaha and Isaac, but — 714 — upon cross-examination he admitted that, while he had been a witness at two former trials in this case, he had not at the first trial mentioned Kaukaha’s alleged statement and had not at the second trial spoken of Paulo’s alleged statement. He further stated on cross-examination: “I did not state that Kaukaha told me that he was related to Paulo”; and “all he said was thát I, the witness, was related to him.” Asked on re-direct, “Is it not true that upon some other occasion, some other time, Kaukaha did say that Paulo was his brother?” he answered: “Yes, I did hear him say that on another occasion.” Still later, when plaintiff’s attorney remarked to him, “Now, let’s get the truth of this thing” and asked, “Did Kaukaha ever, at any time, any subsequent time, any time in your life, did Kaukaha ever tell you or not, that Paulo was his older brother ?” the witness replied: “At no time. The only thing he said to me was that I was related to them.” Mrs. Paookalani testified that Isaac told her that Paulo was “his own older brother” and that Kaukaha told her that Paulo was “his half brother through his mother.” There can be no doubt that if the jury had believed the testimony of these six witnesses and had returned a verdict for the plaintiff the verdict could not have been set aside on the ground that it was unsupported by evidence; but the testimony was not such as to require, as a matter of law, a verdict for the plaintiff. As reasonable men actuated solely by a desire to arrive at the truth and to render justice to both parties the jurors could well have felt that the evidence of Hana and Puali was tainted with some degree of improbability and that their failure in their earlier statements under oath to disclose the fact of the birth of six children to their parents rendered any reliance on their evidence wholly unsafe. They may well have been unfavorably impressed with the undue eagerness of Uuku, Sr., to place before the jury the information that Paulo had told him that he (Paulo) had two brothers on Kauai. Their confidence in plaintiff’s case may well have been lessened upon finding Noa — 715 — Kuiki and Mrs. Paookalani giving evidence tending to show that Paulo was the full brother of Isaac and Kaukaha, while the remaining four witnesses gave evidence tending to show that Paulo was a half brother only. And théy may well have concluded that Paoo’s testimony was too contradictory upon essential matters to permit of any credence being attached to it. Had the determination of the issue of fact rested solely upon a consideration of the plaintiff’s evidence, the jury could reasonably have felt that they were not satisfied of its truth and that the plaintiff had not successfully borne the burden of proof cast upon him by law. There may be and doubtless are instances where a plaintiff’s prima facie proof is such as not to admit, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, of an adverse verdict, but this is not a case of that nature. • Upon another ground, however, the verdict must be sustained and that is that the defendants’ evidence was clearly sufficient to support it. liana Scott, daughter of Paulo, had testified, for the plaintiff, that at a certain luau and in the presence of Elizabeth Kaio, daughter of Kaukaha, Paulo had said that, “if his mother had died in giving him, Paulo, birth, Mrs. Kaio never would have existed,”- — another way of saying that Paulo’s mother Kenoi was the mother of Kaukaha. Elizabeth, in the course of her testimony on her own behalf, denied absolutely that Paulo ever made that statement in her presence. A brief statement of some of the remaining evidence adduced for the defense here follows: Elizabeth Kaio was born in 1863 at Hanalei and lived with her parents till her death. She knew Isaac, lived at his home for one year after Kaukaha’s death, and visited there at subsequent times. Her father kept a family Bible and in it made entries of births and deaths. (Leaves from this Bible -were in: troduced at the trial but are not with the record now before us.) At no time prior to the commencement of this litigation did she hear from any member of the family or from any other — 716 — source that Paulo was the half brother of her father. None of her family received letters or visits from Paulo. J. A. Kaopuo was born in 1857 at Hanalei. His mother was Paaldi who after the death of his father married Kaukaha. This witness lived in the same home with Elizabeth and her mother for ten years before Kaukaha’s death and for ten years after that event and at no time heard in the family circle that Isaac and Kaukaha had a half brother. During that period of twenty years Paulo did not visit at the Kaukaha home. Mary Kaiawe, whose mother’s sister was the wife of Kaukaha, was born in 1855 and knew Kahilina, Sr., Isaac and Kaukaha and saw Paulo in Hanalei. She visited frequently at Kahilina, Sr.’s, slept there and had meals there; also lived there for a period of six or more years. Paulo when at Hanalei lived at the home of one Kealaiki and not at the Kahilina home. Witness was a schoolmate of Maluae, daughter of Paulo. Maluae lived at Kealaiki’s. Witness never saw Maluae at the Kahilina home and never heard from Isaac or Kaukaha that Paulo was their half brother. Kekahimoku, nephew of Kahilina, Sr., was born in 1832 and moved to Kauai in 1857. He often visited at the Kakilinas in Hanalei and would remain there for months at a time. Knew Kenoi, Kaukaha and' Isaac. Saw Kaukaha’s dead body and was present at Isaac’s death. Never heard of Kamahuula or that Kenoi had a first husband or a son Paulo or that Isaac and Kaukaha had a half brother. Sam Kanewanui, administrator of Isaac’s estate, established a permanent home in Hanalei in 1876, the year after Kaukaha’s death. He married Loki, a daughter of Kaukaha’s wife and after his marriage lived in Kaukaha’s home; witness knew Isaac intimately until his death. Never heard from Isaac or in the Kaukaha home that Paulo was a half brother. J. S. Kaheleiki was born in 1835 and resided at Hanalei from the fifties until the time of the trial. Lived “within calling distance” of the Kahilina home. For years knew Isaac — 717 — and Kaukaha well. Knew Maluae; she lived at Kealaiki’s and witness never saw her at the Kahilinas’. Never heard that Kenoi married Kamahuula or that Isaac and Kaukaha had a half brother. S. W. Wilcox was born in Ilanalei in 1847, lived there till 1872 and visited the place after that. Was sheriff of Kauai from 1872 till 1895 or 1896. Lived about one-half mile distant from home of Kahilina, Sr. Knew Kaukaha and Isaac very well, was schoolmate of Kaukaha. Isaac was district magistrate and a senator; Kaukaha practiced law and was a member of the legislature. Both were prominent in the community. Never heard of their having a half brother. Knew Maluae from childhood to womanhood. She lived at Kealaiki’s and witness never saw her at the- Kahilina home. A. S. Wilcox, born in 1844, spent much of his time in Hanalei from 1846 till 1877. Knew Isaac and Kaukaha and was intimate with the latter in his later years. Knew natives by the name of Paulo but never heard of any Paulo being half brother of Isaac and Kaukaha. Neither Isaac nor Kaukaha ever referred to any half brother. Counsel for plaintiff characterizes the testimony of these witnesses as being purely negative and as constituting at best a mere scintilla of evidence. It cannot be so regarded. It came, in the main, from persons who were either members of the Kahilina family or otherwise so situated as to have ample opportunity to learn of Paulo’s relationship to Isaac and Kaukaha if it had existed. Under the circumstances their failure to hear of a half brother may properly have been regarded by the jury as good cause for believing that none such ever existed, — at least it would justify a finding that plaintiff had not proven the alleged relationship by a preponderance of the evidence. Elizabeth Kaio gave testimony which is construed by plaintiff’s counsel as an admission that in 1906 she paid. Hana and Puali the sum of $5500 for a conveyance of their interest in the property in question and therefore as a further admission — 718 — of title in the plaintiff.. The testimony referred to was not direct or clear, but assuming that it was capable of the construction contended for its weight was nevertheless a matter for the consideration of the jury. The issue was not whether Elizabeth purchased the supposed interests of Hana and Puali but whether Paulo was the half brother of Isaac. Moreover the purchase of such an outstanding claim is not necessarily an acknowledgment of title in another claimant. See Smith v. Hamakua Mill Co., 13 Haw. 716. It is further assigned as error that the court refused to instruct the jury that “all other things being equal, the witnesses of equal credibility, positive testimony on a given point must always predominate over negative testimony on the same point; testimony of a positive character is always more to be relied upon than testimony of a negative character.” Even if it were otherwise unobjectionable, the instruction was correctly refused because it was ambiguous and misleading. What meaning would the phrase, “all other things being equal,” convey to a jury of laymen unaccustomed to analyzing the indicia of credibility and to the rules relating to the weighing of evidence? One prerequisite to the applicability of the instruction is stated, to wit, that the witnesses must be of equal credibility; but the other prerequisites are not defined. The relationship of the witnesses to'one or more members of the family, the degree of intimacy of their acquaintance with Paulo, or with Isaac, or with Kaukaha or Kenoi, their place of residence with reference to that of the Kahilina family, their opportunities or lack of opportunity for receiving information concerning the alleged relationship between Paulo and Isaac, the probability or improbability of their hearing of the existence of the fact, if it did exist, — none of these matters were mentioned to the jury as necessary to be considered in determining whether “all other things” were equal. Nor was it pointed out that the phrase had no reference to the mere number of witnesses’ testifying upon a given subject. — 719 — It has been, indeed, declared in some cases that positive testimony is entitled to greater weight than that which is purely negative, the reasons given being, in substance that “it is possible to forget a thing that did happen and it is not possible to remember a thing that never existed” (Stitt v. Huidekopers, 17 Wall. 384, 394) and that “the negative witnesses may not have had their attention excited at the time.” Where the reason for the rule does not exist, the rule itself does not apply. The same result follows where the evidence is not positive on the one hand or negative on the other within the meaning of the rule. The rule is “subject to so many exceptions as not to be of much practical use and if carelessly administered may work much mischief.” Smith v. McIlwaine, 70 N. C. 287, 289. It^ does not apply to a case, like that at bar, where upon an issue of whether or not a certain relationship existed between two persons hearsay testimony is admissible. See Wilson v. M’Ghee, 4 Ky. 34, 35. The assertion by defendants’ witnesses that they never heard from Isaac and Kaukaha that Paulo was Isaac’s half brother is as truly positive as is the evidence of plaintiff’s witnesses that they did hear the statements made by one or more of the parties named. If the defendants’ witnesses had equal or better opportunities of information and if the jurors regarded them as in every way trustworthy and credible, then the very fact that no member of the Kahilina family ever made such a statement to any of defendants’ witnesses might be in itself properly deemed by the jurors good ground for disbelieving the assertions of plaintiff’s witnesses. Had the requested instruction been given this course of reasoning might well have been regarded by the jurors as not open to them. Plaintiff moved for a new trial on the further ground of newly discovered evidence consisting of certain “entries in an official record book of the Laie, Oahu, Mission of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints, said entries on their face showing that Paulo was the son of Kenoi and tending strongly to show that Paulo was the husband of la.” In sup — 720 — port of the motion an affidavit was filed showing that the record referred to was a “Book of Members” of the church named, in the official custody of Adelbert Big’ler, an elder of the church and clerk of the Mission at Laie; that the “Book of Members” contains an accurate and complete record “of the name, date of birth, place of birth, and date of baptism of each member of said church aforesaid from its institution in said Territory, together with a record of the name of the father and mother, the place of baptism, the name of the person baptizing, the name of the office held in said church and the date when such office was taken together with the name of the person confirming the member to such office, for each and every member of said church since its institution in said Territory”; that the entries are as follows: “Sex Name Date of Birth Place of Birth Name of father Male: Paulo: 1835: Hanalei, Kauai: Waiohakini “Name of mother Date of baptism Place of baptism By whom baptized Kenoi: 1862: Pokii, Kauai: Hoepu: “Church office When chosen to office By whom ordained Elder: 1862: Palau:”; that “accompanying said entries and immediately following the same is the record of entries concerning one ‘la’ a female, the record giving the date of her birth as 1838 and the date of her baptism as 1862, the same year with Paulo above named ; that from the position of said entries as to the said la, your affiant believes without doubt that said la was the wife of said Paulo. The evidence of the elder as to his belief concerning the inference to be deduced from the fact that the entries relating to “la” immediately follow those relating to “Paulo” would be inadmissible. Any such inferences, if proper at all, are to be made by the jury and not by witnesses. There is no memorandum in the book showing whether la was the wife of Paulo and the movant did not offer to prove that in the book the name of an unmarried woman never appears immediately following that of a married man. — 721 — It may be assumed that the book and its entries were admissible as evidence, that the evidence thus sought to be introduced was not merely cumulative within the meaning of the rule relating to new trials and that it was of such importance and probative force as to justify the granting of the motion under consideration. Eor another reason, however, a new trial should not be ordered. It is well settled that in order, to prevail a party seeking a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence must show that due diligence was used to discover it. Malani v. Puhi, 5 Haw. 504. “It should appear not only that the proposed testimony is newly discovered, that it would be material to the issue and that it would not be merely cumulative, but that the” movant “did not lose the opportunity to lay it before the jury by his own laches. Eor when it appears to the court that the party might, by the exercise of due diligence, have discovered and obtained the proposed new testimony at or before the time of the trial, a new trial will not be granted”, — with certain exceptions inapplicable in the case at bar. Weston v. Montgomery, 2 Haw. 309, 310. “There are but few cases tried in which new evidence cannot be hunted after trial, and in order to secure to parties the termination of their legal controversies the court must be wary about granting new trials upon insufficient excuses for not procuring the evidence when the parties had their day in court.” Burns v. Bowler, 4 Haw. 303, 301. See also Territory v. Kum Foo Sung, 20 Haw. 195, 197. With equal clearness it has been held that the movant “must search for it” (the evidence) “wherever there is a probability of finding it”. Clement v. Cartwright, 7 Haw. 676, 678; Kaheana v. Nalimu, 8 Haw. 271, 272. This action was instituted in January, 1908, the law firm of Thompson & Clemons being then attorneys for the plaintiff, and was at issue in July of the same year. A trial was had in the early part of 1911 resulting in a directed verdict in favor of the defendants. Upon exceptions the verdict was set aside for error — 722 — of law committed, by tbe presiding judge. At tbe second trial the jury failed to agree. A third trial, that now under review, was had in March of the present year. Isaac Kahilina died in 1902 and judicial proceedings relating to his estate were had in the probate court on Kauai in the course of which.inquiry was made and evidence taken as to who inherited the personalty. Hana Scott and Puali Keawe testified at that hearing on the subject of the family pedigree. Mr. Lymer, of the firm of Thompson, Wilder, Watson & Lymer, appeared for the plaintiff at the last trial and had charge of the preparation of the case for that trial. Mr. Russell, of the same firm, was associated with Mr. Lymer at the last trial. In an affidavit filed in support of the motion for a new trial Mr. Lymer says: “that affiant, since his first connection with said case, has used the utmost diligence in tracing out and discovering all existing evidence material to the issues in said cause; that affiant has closely questioned every available witness and many old residents and has employed competent Hawaiians to make similar inquiries concerning all possible sources of evidence bearing upon said case; that all the living members of the family of the said Paulo have been many times questioned by affiant concerning the early life of the said Paulo, as 'to what fraternal or religious bodies he may have belonged to, as to any living persons who might know of such matters and affiant has used every means in his power to discover all material evidential facts bearing on said case but that at no time was it ever intimated to affiant by any one of the scores of people he has interviewed that Paulo was at any time a member of said Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints; that affiant is not familiar with the customs of said church and did not know that any central office or Mission of the same where records of members thereof for the entire Territory were kept; that so far as the results of all of affiant’s exhaustive efforts to discover evidence were concerned it did not appear that the said Paulo ever belonged to any organization either fraternal or religious within this Territory”. Just when — 723 — Mr. Lymer’s active connection, with the case commenced is not shown. Eor aught that appears to the contrary it may he that some other member of the firm had charge of the preparation and presentation of plaintiff’s ease for the purposes of one or both of the earlier trials and there is no attempt at showing what efforts such other attorney, if any, made to procure evidence of the nature of that now sought to be introduced. If another attorney represented plaintiff at the earlier trials due diligence on his part also would be requisite in order to secure a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence. As far as the showing made is concerned, it may even be true that the' earlier attorney was aware of the existence of this Mormon record but failed to introduce it for reasons which to him were satisfactory and that Mr. Russell also was aware of its existence. The decision, however, need not be based on this ground alone. Although it appears that Mr. Lymer examined “scores of people” as to what fraternal or religious organizations Paulo may have been a member of, it does not appear that search for the evidence was made by him or his client or on their behalf in the places where there was the greatest probability of finding it. It is a matter of common knowledge that the facts of baptism and membership in a religious body are often recorded, with accompanying explanatory notes relating to parentage and date of birth, on books maintained for the purpose by the religious body. It is common practice for those preparing the proofs on issues of Hawaiian pedigree to inquire at the churches, or other headquarters of the religious organizations, for such records and to examine them when found for the desired information. It is in the churches themselves that there is the greatest probability of obtaining authoritative information as to the existence and contents of such records. That the “Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,” generally known as “the Mormon Church”, has an office and church in Honolulu, as well as a large colony and a church at Laie on this Island, is well known in the Territory. The plaintiff having failed to search for the — 724 — evidence “wherever there was a probability of finding it” (Clement v. Cartwright, supra), a new trial cannot be granted. The facts that at the time of the last trial the action had been pending for more than five years and that two trials had already taken place at each of which the plaintiff failed to obtain a verdict should have rendered all the clearer to plaintiff the necessity of diligence in the search for further evidence to strengthen plaintiff’s case and emphasizes now after the third trial the propriety of the rule that in the absence of such diligence further litigation should not be permitted. “Courts are reluctant to grant a new trial for the discovery of new testimony after one trial, — much more after two. They require .vigilance on the part of those in litigation in discovering and procuring material and important testimony. * * * Courts should be strict in their requirements when new trials are sought for such cause.” Trask v. Unity, 74 Me. 208, 209, 211. “In deciding motions for new trials on account of newly discovered evidence courts have found it necessary to apply somewhat stringent rules to prevent the almost endless mischief which a different course would produce.” State v. Carr, 21 N. H. 166, 173. “The rule” requiring diligence “is especially applicable * * * where there have been several trials.” 29 Cyc. 891, 892. See also Hoban v. Sandford, 64 N. J. L. 426, 437 and Hagen v. R. R., 91 N. Y. S. 914, 916. W. B. Lymer and B. S. Ulrich (Thompson, Wilder, Watson & Lymer on the brief) for plaintiff. A. Lindsay, Jr., for defendants. The judgment is affirmed.