Haynes v. Wheat

ORMOND, J. The decree made'by the Orphans’ Court, appears to have been entirely regular. It is alledged in the bill that it was in” favor of the infant, and this fact is not controverted, but is admitted by the answer. Such being the fact, the recital in the execution, that the decree was in favor of the guardian ad litem, was a mere clerical misprision, and conceding that it could have been quashed for this cause, yet if the administrator had paid the money to the sheriff, he would have been protected under it, as the process was not void, but voidable merely; nor could the plaintiff be heard to — 243 — alledge the irregularity of the process he had himself sued out. Su,ch being the fact, it would seem to follow, that the return of no property upon the execution against the administrator, would authorize an execution to issue against the sureties upon the statutnq'udgment. In addition, it is clear, the administrator would have been authorized to discharge the judgment against him, by a payment to the clerk of the coirrt, and he being insolvent, what possible objection could there be. to the sureties paying it without execution against them. They were responsible to the plaintiff, as well as the administrator, and had the right to discharge the judgment without any further accumulation of costs; and if they choose to waive the issuance of an execution against their principal, and admit their liability without it, the plaintiff cannot raise the objection that they have not been fixed by the regular issuance of an execution against their principal. We consider the proof clear, and unequivocal, that the money was paid to Purdom, as clerk of the court, and that it was paid upon this judgment. No'difficulty whatever can arise, from the clerk describing it in his receipt as a judgment .against Wheat. The amount, date .of the judgment, and all the facts and circumstances, show it to be the same. It was so considered by those representing the interests of the infant, as they caused an execution to be issued, subsequent to the payment, reciting all the facts which created the statute judgment against Wheat. The receipt is not conclusive upon any one,-and if explanation was wanting, it is fully explained. But this question, though raised upon the argument, is not made upon the pleadings. The answer does not controvert the allegation of the bill, that the money was paid upon this judgment, but insists that it was paid to Purdom, not a.s clerk, but as' guardian,. We consider this question as .clearly settled as the other. As guardian ad litem, Purdom had no authority whatever to receive the money, and from the proof of Eldridge, it appears, Wheat refused to pay it to him in any other character than as clerk. As such, then, he must have received it, no matter what defect there may be in his receipt; whether he added two or three letters to his name, as the “affix,” or symbol, of his ofiicia] character. But it appears from his deposition, that — 244 — he did sometimes sign his name as clerk of the court, in the mode adopted in this instance. Of the proper mode„ of doing this, he was the best judge. It is impossible that the interests of those doing business with him, as clerk, should be affected by the omission of a 0 at the end of his name. Equally plain is it, that he could not by any act of his subsequently, or by any indorsement or entry on his docket, change the character of the act, so as .to deprive the defendant of the benefit of the payment. So far as it is evidence of his intention, whatever weight it might be entitled to if standing alone and uncontradicted, it can have none when opposed by the testimony afforded by his own receipt, and the testimony of Elldridge, not to speak of the strong inference arising from his want of authority to receive it as guardian. The clerk of a court in which a judgment is rendered, has authority to receive the amount for which the judgment was rendered, either before or after an execution has issued upon it. [Murray v. Charles, 6 Ala. R. 678.] Doubtless this is not an authority to a clerk, any more than it is to a sheriff, to receive any thing in discharge of the judgment, but money. He cannot take in its discharge choses in action, or pay a debt of his own, but can only receive that which he can pay over to the plaintiff. He, however, would be precluded by his return from denying that he had received payment in money. What is entitled to be considered money ? Are bank notes, which at the date of this transaction constituted the entire circulating medium of the country, as they do in a great measure at the present time, to be excluded from that appellation? This is a question of no small magnitude, not only to the executive officers of the law, but to the great body of the people who may be.suitors in our courts. In the present highly commercial'condition of society, and under the influence of the credit and banking systems, which by excluding the precious metals from general use, has made the paper which occupies its place, the actual medium of exchange, and the representative of the labor, and property of the country, it would be strange, if the executive officers of the law had not power to receive it in payment of a judgment. The commercial character of the age has silently, produced a — 245 — change in our language. No one is misunderstood, or suspected of telling a falsehood, when, he speaks of having money in his possession, though it consists entirely of bank notes. It has worked a corresponding change in the common law, accommodating itself to the altered condition of society. In the great case of Miller v. Race, 1 Burr. 457, which was trover for a bank note which had been stolen, and which came to the possession of the defendant, for a valuable consideration, and without notice of the robbery, Lord Mansfield said, that bank notes “ were as much money, as guineas themselves are, or any other current coin, that is used in common payments, as cash, or money.” So they are a good tender, unless they are objected to at the time. Under the term money in 'a will, bank notes will pass. [6 H. & J. 53; see also, 2 H. & G. 410; 12 Johns. 220, 395.) In Crutchfield v. Robbins, 5 Humph. 15, this-precise point came up. There, as in this case,' there had been a payment of a judgment in current bank notes, to the clerk, and it was held to be a good payment. It is however urged, that the court in that case, lay stress upon the fact, that the bank notes there received, were “convertible,” as well as current. The only proof in the record upon this point, is that of Purdom, who says, the money was paid in Alabama bank notes, the •discount, if any, he does not recollect. It does not, then, appear from the record, whether these notes were then at par, or in other words, convertible at pleasure into specie, for their nominal amount, or not, but we ought perhaps judicially to know, that at that time our State bank notes were at a discount. They were nevertheless current, and the only circulating medium, passing in payment of debts, and instead of specie, at the existing discount. We do not think this varies the case. Considered as a question of power in the officer, that must be considered as money, which passes as such in the common transactions of mankind. The sheriff would have. no power to take the notes of a broken bank, in payment of an execution, though they might have a speculative value depending upon unknown facts, and uncertain contingencies. Such worthless paper would not have one of the attributes of money. It would be neither current, or convertible into specie, and in — 246 — stead of being a medium of exchange, or a measure of the value of other commodities, -is itself a commodity. Having thus ceased to perform the uses of money, it is no longer regarded, or received as such by the community. The bank notes received in this case, though, from the operation of temporary causes, depressed at the time, had a known and fixed value in public estimation, secured to them by the guarantee of the State — they were the common medium of exchange —in a word, they were the money of the country. Nor could the plaintiff by possibility be injured, by the clerk receiving them in payment, as he could, if he thought proper, cast on the officer the duty of converting them into specie. This is no more than would have happened if the clerk had received payment in bullion, or in foreigfi. coin not a legal tender. The two cases principally relied on by the counsel for the plaintiff in error, are not hostile to this view. In Griffin v. Thompson, 2 How. U. S. Rep. 244, the Marshal had returned upon an execution, that he had “ received thereon $1000 in post notes of the Union Bank.” The return was quashed by the court, and another execution issued, anda motion was then made to have satisfaction entered. The Supreme Court held, that this was not a legal return, and the reception of the bank notes by the marshal, no satisfaction of the execution. Of the correctness of this decision we entertain no doubt. It has already been stated, that as the- mandate of the writ is to make the money which the writ calls for, the sheriff can make no other return of satisfaction, but that he Jias collected the money. The question in this case, is not, whether a return by the .clerk, that he had collected the amount of the fieri facias in Alabama bank notes would be a legal return, nor does it appear what return he actually made; it is, whether the officer had power to receiye, in payment of the writ, bank notes then current as money, so ,as to discharge the defendant, and to bind himself and his sureties to the plaintiff. That he had such power, we do not entertain the least doubt. In the case referred to, not only was the return of the sheriff unquestionably bad, but it also appeared that the notes of the Union Bank were at a discount of fifty-per cent, and con — 247 — sequently were not current as money. They had in fact become a mere commodity, of uncertain and daily fluctuating value. The case of the Planters’ Bank v. Seott, 5 How. Miss. 246, also relied on, does not present the question. Not only was the return day past when the bank notes were received, but they were not received by the sheriff in discharge of the execution, but conditionally only, to be a payment if the plaintiff elected to receive them; nor were the notes either current as money, or convertible into specie. “ In the discussion of this question, we have felt‘the difficulties attending it, and the magnitude of the principle involved, and whilst we admit that the officer must account with the plaintiff in the current coin of the country, if he demands it, yet we are clear, that he has the power to receive from the defendant, in discharge of the writ, that which is then passing in the community, current as money, and by the common consent of mankind, is considered as money, although it may not be convertible into specie at pleasure,.'at its nominal amount. That such a receipt, if bona fide, will’ discharge the defendant in execution, and-fix the liability of the sheriff and his sureties. The decree of the Chancellor dismissing the. bill must be affirmed.