Moss v. McCall

COLLIER, C. J. The cases of Cook v. Kennerly, and Bender v. Reynolds, at this term, are decisive of the present, unless the intention that the profits of the property embraced by the deed should be paid over to the defendant in execu633 lion and his wife, “for their mutual support,” and “joint maintenance,” distinguish them. In Fellows, Wadsworth & Co. v. Tann, by her next friend, et al. 9 Ala. Rep. 999, a father gave to his widowed daughter, “ and the heirs of her body, by deed, a female .slave, who he provided should be under her control and employment, in the most profitable way for the use and support of herself and “ her heirs,” during their joint lives ; after her death it was directed that the property should be divided “among her heirs.” Shortly after the gift, the daughter took possession of the slave, who, together with her increase, have for more than twenty years been treated as the separate property of the daughter and her children; though the daughter married soon after acquiring the possession: Held, that the deed invested the daughter and her children collectively with interests which the creditors of the husband could not divest through the medium of any forum, and as it respected the daughter (his wife), not by sale under execution. But, if the husband acquired an interest in virtue of his marital rights, his creditor must proceed in equity to subject it to his judgment. In Spear v. Walkley, 10 Ala. Rep. 328, the testatrix bequeathed to the husband certain slaves, to be held and worked by him, for the use of his wife and children, but subject in no way to his debts, &c.; and at his death to be equally divided among his children then living, and the issue of such as may be dead, taking together the part that would have fallen to their parent. It was determined that the title to the slaves was vested in the husband for a special purpose, and his control over them was to work them for his wife and children, and he had no estate, even as it respects the wife’s interest, that could be sold under execution : that, if the profits of the slaves’ labor constituted a fund to be divided between the wife and children, then the wife’s share devolved on the husband, and could only be ascertained and separated in equity. These cases are distinguishable from the one before us, in at least one important particular, viz., in making the children as well as the wife and mother, the present objects of the testator’s or donor’s bounty; and consequently, are not adverse to the plaintiff. [634] In O’Neil, Michaux & Thomas v. Teague and Teague, 8 Ala. Rep. 345, a father gave certain slaves by deed, in trust for the “ benefit ” of his married daughter, providing that the daughter and her husband should retain the possession of them, together with their increase during coverture, and the life of the daughter; and if she should die without issue, the slaves were to revert to the donor or his lawful heirs. It was held that the slaves being in possession of the husband, were subject to seizure and sale under an execution against his estate, at least for the period of his life. But it has been decided that a bequest of a bond and mortgage debt to a married woman, to be delivered up to her whenever she should demand or require- the same, was a bequest to her separate use. The chancellor said, as these securities were to be given up on her demand, the husband could not obtain them from the executors without a demand made by his wife, which gave her a dominion over them, they must be considered as given to her separate use. [Dixon v. Olmius, 2 Coxe’s Rep. 414.] So a legacy to a married woman for her own use, and at her own disposal,-vests in her a separate estate. [Prichard v. Ames, 1 Turn. Ch. Rep. 222.] In Lee v. Prieaux, 3 Bro. Ch. Rep. 381, it was held that a legacy to a feme covert, with a direction as follows, viz: “ her receipt to be a sufficient discharge to the executors,” is equivalent with saying, to her sole and separate use. In this case the Master of the Rolls said, “ the only question now is, whether the words in this will are sufficient to show, that the testator meant to give an absolute power to the wife, independent of the husband, to recover the money.” He continues, “the testatrix might probably have inserted these words, ‘ her receipt should be a sufficient discharge/ in consideration of the petitioner being a married woman, and the party was in that situation, that she could not have been authorized so to do: if these words have not this meaning, she might as well have omitted them.” It was therefore concluded, that the testatrix meant that the legatee “should have the power to give a discharge, so as to bar her husband.” Darley v. Darley, 3 Atk. Rep. 399, in which Lord Hardwicke is made to say, that a bequest to the husband for the livelihood of his wife is sufficient to show the intention of the [635] giver that it should be to her sole and separate use, was cited by the Master of Rolls. The facts of this case are not stated by the reporter, and he furnishes them from the register, and adds, “ such a case, had it been correctly stated in Atkins, might have deserved csnsideration, but as it stands, is of no authority.” [See Adamson v. Armitage, Coop. Ch. Rep. 283; Ex parte Wray, 1 Mad. Rep. 199; Beresford v. Hobson, Id. 376, and note; Elton v. Shepherd, 1 Bro. Ch. Rep. 532; Hoig v. Swiney, 1 Sim. & Stu. Rep. 487; Steel v. Steel, 1 Ired. Eq. Rep. 452.] It has been frequently said, that courts of equity will not deprive the husband of his wife’s property to which he is by law entitled, unless the intention be clear that he was not to derive any benefit from it, and that it should be for the personal use and disposition of his wife. [1 Roper on H. & W. 18, et seq.; Williams v. Claiborne, 7 S. & Mar. Rep. 488; Hunt v. Booth, Freem. Ch. Rep. 215.] To create a separate estate in a married woman, where a conveyance is made to a trustee for her use, no technical language is necessary; but it should appear unequivocally on the face of the instrument, that the intention was to exclude the husband from any interference with the property conveyed. [Heathman v. Hall, 3 Ired. Eq. Rep. 414; Thompson, et al. v. McKissick, 3 Hump. Rep. 631.] The case of Darley v. Darley, as reported by Atkins, perhaps goes farther than any other to support the wife’s claim to a separate estate against the creditors of the husband. If a gift to a married woman, for her livelihood, invest her with an exclusive interest, we cannot see why a gift for her support or maintenance, should not have the same effect. But the correctness of the report of this case, we have seen is denied in Lee v. Prieaux, and the facts there stated by the Master of the Rolls, perhaps show a case which satisfactorily supports the opinion of the Lord Chancellor, and makes his judgment less questionable than the reporter has shown it to be. But it is not necessary to consider whether the terms support or maintenance are either or both sufficiently potent in themselves to constitute a separate estate, where a conveyance is made to the trustee for the wifé; for that is not the [636] case at bar. The deed declares that the intention is so-to secure the property, that the proceeds may “ be received for their (husband and wife’s) mutual support,” and directs that the profits, uses and issues of the same be paid to the husband and wife “for their joint maintenance during their natural lives, or to the survivor of them during the time of his or her natural life.” These words do not exclude the control or dominion of the husband, for he may demand and receive all the profits, and his receipt would be a discharge to the trustee; or if it be allowable to pay part of the income to the wife, then as soon as it was paid to her, it would vest in the husband jure ma-riti. This must be so ; for there is nothing to indicate that the trust as to the profits, would give a moiety to the separate use of the wife, and exclude the dominion of-the husband. The deed then invests the husband and wife with a joint estate to be employed in their support and maintenance, andas the trustee has no discretion in expending money for these objects, and the husband is charged with the duty of maintaining or supporting his wife, it would seem in the absence of an express or implied prohibition that the money should come under his control. This being the law applicable to the facts, the cases of Cook v. Kennerly and Bender v. Reynolds, determine that the entire equitable interest vests in the husband, and his possession completes the legal estate for the life of himself or wife; and for that length of, time it may be sold under a jieri facias against him. The cases cited by thé'counsel for the defendant in error, to show that under a joint conveyance of land to husband ■and wife, they are seized per tout and not per mi, that'is, they are owners of the whole, and not of the half only, and ■that the interest of neither of them can be disposed of, without the consent of the other, have no application to the case at bar. The interest acquired by the husband in the real estate of his wife, is altogether different from that which he has in her personalty. But even in the case of a fee simple estate,-he may sell on mortgage for his wife’s life, at least, upon condition that he is the longest liver. [Motley v. Whitemore, 2 Dev. & Bat. R. 537; Jackson v. Stevens, 16 Johns. [637] R. 110; Jackson v. Carey, Ib. 302; Doe v. Howland, 8 Cow. R. 277; Doe v. Hardenburgh, 5 Hals. R. 42; Barber v. Harris, 19 Wend. R. 617.] It follows from what has been said, that the ruling of the circuit court cannot be supported — its judgment is therefore reversed, and the cause remanded.