Trippe v. John

CHILTON, J. This was an action of detinue, by the plaintiff in error, as executor of Henry Trippe, against the defendant, as administrator of Mary A. Trippe, to recover certain slaves, which the plaintiff insisted were the property of his testator. The question of title mainly depends upon the construction of the documentary evidence offered upon the trial, and which is set out in a bill of exceptions, namely — 1. An ante-nuptial agreement, entered into between the plaintiff’s testator and the intestate of the defendant, before the solemnization of the rights of matrimony between them. 2. A subsequent deed by the wife, executed contemporaneously with the will of the husband, disposing of her interest in the property. It is insisted by the plaintiff in error, that the antenuptial agreement only bound the property which Mrs. Trippe, then Miss Harris, had in her possession, and did not embrace the property which descended upon her from her aunt, Mrs. Dawson, and her sister, Mrs. Creagh, which was acquired subsequent to the execution thereof. This construction is not warranted by the terms of the agreement, which very explicitly provides, that her intended husband shall take no right or title to any part of the property of which she is, or may be possessed, or entitled to in anywise or manner whatsoever. And in another part of the same instrument, she conveys to the trustee, Rowe Harris, “ all the right, title, claim, and interest of her, the said Mary A. Harris, in and to the effects and property to which she now is, or may hereafter become entitled from the estate of Henry Harris, deceased, and all property of every description to which she is, or may be entitled by inheritance or otherwise whatever.” It would be difficult to use language more explicit, and more appropriate to exclude the husband’s representative from any participa — 122 — tion in property which should thereafter accrue to the wife by descent, than is here employed, when construed in connection with the other portions of the instrument conveying the same to a trustee, the said property to be and remain the separate property of the wife — in nowise subject to his contracts, or liable to the payment of his debts. The labor and services of the slaves are to be under the control of said Henry, her intended husband, after the consummation of the marriage, during their joint lives. The increase of the female slaves to remain her separate property, and upon the death of either of the parties, the property so limited shall vest in the person to whom said Mary shall, by deed, will, or other writing, signed by her in the presence of two or more witnesses, order, fyc. Under the state of the case made by the facts set forth in the record, it becomes unimportant for us to inquire, whether the anticipated acquisition of property by Mrs. Trippe, at the time she entered into the antenuptial agreement, “ by inheritance, or otherwise whatsoever,” would embrace the property which was subsequently acquired as her share from the estates of Mrs. Dawson and Sarah Creagh. The rule of law in respect to such agreements, undoubtedly is, that nothing is embraced which is not within the view and contemplation of the parties at the time of entering into the contract. Atherly on Mar. Set. 25; 1 Ves. 507; 2 Ib. 304; Williams v. Williams, 1 Bro. Ch. Rep. Amer. ed.) 139, marginal, p. 152. Perhaps the terms, or ‘otherwise whatsoever/ could not be properly construed to embrace property unexpectedly obtained, otherwise than by inheritance, nor to the earnings of the wife during coverture, which, as against the husband’s creditors would be fraudulent. Keith v. Woombell, 8 Pick. Rep. 211. Nor need we enter into the discussion as to whether the anticipated interest of the wife by inheritance, was a contingent interest, capable of being assigned, or a mere possibility, which may not be transferred. The record clearly shows, that the husband received and held this property, not as husband, but in strict subordination to the right of the wife, which right he continued to recognize up to his death, and which his representative has recognized since his decease. So that the husband having asserted no — 123 — title or dominion over it jure mariti, but having held it as the property of the wife, subject to the agreement he had entered into, her right by survivorship is complete. Johnson v. Uren, 3 Stew. Rep. 172; Mayfield v. Clifton, Ib. 372; Bibb v. McKinley et al. 9 Por. Rep. 636; Terrell v. Greene et al. 11 Ala. Rep. 216; 1 Wms. Ex’rs, 557; Wall v. Tomlinson, 16 Ves. 413; see also, Hill on Trustees, 415. In respect to the agreement, it may be sufficient to observe, that it is the duty of the court to carry it into effect if its provisions be lawful, according to .the .intention of the parties, and that the intention of the parties in this case, to exclude the husband from any right to the slaves beyond the usufi'uct for the joint lives of himself and wife, is too apparent from the face of the instrument to need comment. We know of no rule of law, and no case has been cited denying to the parties before marriage, the right to make such contract. Hill on Trustees, 408. We must presume that the trustee of Mrs. Creagh had a right to receive her share of the estate of Mrs. Dawson, as there is nothing appearing upon the record to raise a contrary conclusion, and the representative of Mrs. Creagh delivered the property to Henry Trippe, in virtue of a power of attorney, received from such trustee. This property the husband regarded and held as his wife’s, under the marriage contract, and there is no evidence that he held it as a bailee, for the trustee, or that either of them so considered it. So that, in our judgment, the plaintiff, as executor of Henry Trippe, can found no right to recover upon the idea of a bailment, against the repeated declarations of his testator to the contrary. By the terms of the antenuptial agreement, Mrs. Trippe had the power of disposing of the property by will, or deed, signed in the presence of two or more witnesses. The bill of exceptions contains a deed of gift from her to Martha and Warren F. Trippe, of all the property which then belonged to her, or was her’s in her separate right, at and before the marriage with the said Henry. The deed declares, “that said property is hereby fully and freely incorporated with his (the said Henry’s) estate, and all manner of contracts, settlements, or legal hindrances to the attainment of that end, are — 124 — hereby waived; I (the said donor) reserving the right, as a consideration herefor, to become an equal heir in the estate of my husband with his children, who are the parties to the second part in this deed.” This deed was signed and executed as the articles of agreement entered into previous to the marriage provided, and appears also to have been recorded. It is insisted on the part of the plaintiff, that the effect of this deed is, to vest the property in the estate of the husband —in other words, to incorporate it in his estate, so as that after the debts of his estate are paid, the balance will remain for distribution among his distributees; while the defendants contend, that it is void and inoperative, because — 1. Made without the knowledge of the trustee in the marriage settlement. 2. There was no consideration — not a good one, the donees being strangers, nor yet a valuable one, the estate of the husband being insolvent. 3. There w;as no delivery of the deed, or the property conveyed, &c. 4. For uncertainty, both as to the grantees and the property sought to be conveyed. As to the first objection, it is only necessary to say, that the deed of settlement, which confers the power of appointment, does not provide for the concurrence of the trustee in the execution of the power. And in the absence of such power reserved in the deed, the wife being vested with a separate estate, might, notwithstanding the intervention of a trustee, dispose of it without his consent. It is proper, where a fund subject to a power is vested in a trustee, that notice of the appointment should be served upon him, but this is only required to fix the liability of the trustee, in cases where he has paid out the fund to a subsequent appointee after such notice of the prior appointment. 1 Sug. on Powers, 257; Cothway v. Sydenham, 2 Bro. Ch. Rep. 391, Am. ed. 312. The case before us involves no such controversy. As it respects the consideration for the deed of the wife to the husband’s children, we regret that the case is too barren of circumstances to enable us to pronounce a satisfactory judgment upon it. It was certainly competent for the wife to have given her separate estate to the children of her husband, and the delivery of the deed, as has been frequently decided by this court, is effectual to vest the property. This — 125 — delivery we must intend from the language of the bill of exceptions, which states that the execution of the instrument was duly proved. But it is insisted, the face of the instrument shows, that the consideration was to be valuable— namely, the provision made for the grantor, by her husband, in his will of even date with the deed. The provision made in the will, is, that the wife take one third of the testator’s property, both real and personal, after his debts are paid, and some specific legacies are deducted. It is shown that the estate of Henry Trippe, has been reported insolvent by the executor to the orphans’ court, and that the court has so declared it, and from this it is argued that'Mrs. Trippe, or rather, her administrator, can obtain nothing from the estate as an equivalent for the deed, and that it is nudum pactum. This argument cannot be sustained. The husband is neither a party or privy to this deed, so far as we are advised by the facts of the case. The deed is to operate as between the wife and the children. As to them it was purely voluntary, as the children were to part with nothing in consideration of its execution. Upon its delivery, their interest became vested, and nothing remained for them to do. In other words, the gift was perfected. But allowing that there was an understanding, or agreement, between the husband and wife, that he would insert in his will the provision which is therein made for the wife’s benefit in consideration of the deed, it by no means follows that the deed shall be void, because his estate has been declared insolvent. There is no evidence of any fraud on the part of the husband — no importunity, or the exercise of undue influence. Indeed the circumstances repel the inference of conduct so unnatural; for in five days thereafter, the then flickering lamp of life became extinguished, and it could hardly be supposed, that the last hours of his existence should be employed in perpetrating a fraud upon the disconsolate partner in his sorrows, to whom he committed the custody and education of his orphan daughter, and towards whom he entertained the tenderest affection. At the arrangement was entered into, perhaps it was impossible to arrive at any certain or satisfactory estimate of what would remain after the payment of the husband’s debts. Much would depend upon the fluctuation in the value of the — 126 — property, and its management and preservation, as to whether a surplus would remain. The provision made by the will, must therefore, in the nature of things, have been contingent, but as we have seen a contingent interest may be transferred by deed, and a fortiori by will, this provision furnished a sufficient consideration in law to support the deed. And why may we not suppose the wife contracted with a knowledge of the doubtful character of the provision made by the will for her? Having no children of her own, nor brothers nor sisters, was there any thing unnatural in her desire to provide for the infant children of her husband, then shortly to be cast upon the world without father or mother? We think not. Were the wife complaining, a court of chancery, which, while it allows the wife to sell, or even give her separate estate to her husband, yet views the transfer with a jealous eye, would narrowly scan the transaction, and perhaps would set aside the deed, or decree a suitable maintenance to the wife out of the property. Be this as it may, she has gone hence, and so far as we are advised, was satisfied with the deed which she made, at least the record shows no effort to repudiate or set it aside. Under such circumstances we cannot do otherwise than come to the conclusion, that the deed is valid at law, and vests the estate as is therein provided. Clancey’s rights of married momen, 247, et seq. and cases cited. The objection as to there being no delivery, we have already noticed; and as to the uncertainty complained of, it is sufficient to remark, that a particular description of the property is unnecessary. It is enough that the grantor in general terms designate the property, so that with reasonable certainty it can be identified. This she has done in the deed before us, by conveying all the property that she held in her separate right, &c. We do not, however, agree with the counsel for the plaintiff in error, that the property specified in the deed is so incorporated, or merged in the estate of Henry Trippe, as to belong to and form assets in the hands of his executor. The property is conveyed to the children, not the husband. They take it, not as distributees of the father, but by virtue of the deed, as a gift from Mrs. Trippe. If she had intended the property to vest in her husband, so as to have enabled him to dispose of — 127 — it by his will, the conveyance of it would most undoubtedly have been made to him, as the usual and appropriate mode of transfering the title ; such not being the case, we cannot intend that by the terms, “such property is hereby fully and freely incorporated with his estate,” fyc., the wife meant to vest him or his executor with the title. We think the true construction of these expressions, and that which accords with the evident intention of the donor is, that her separate property should be so identified with whatever estate of the husband might remain for distribution, or in the words of the deed “ incorporated with it,” as to form a common fund in which she and the two children were to share equally. This construction gives effect to each clause in the instrument, and is the only one which will; and at the same time does no violence to the language employed. The legal effect of the deed, according to our view, is not to vest any title in the husband, or in his executor, but designates it as a fund to be shared equally between Mrs. Trippe and the two children, in common with whatever remains of the husband’s estate for distribution. The charges of the court are substantially in accordance with the law as we have above ascertained it, and the judgment is consequently affirmed.