McCulloch v. Judd

LIGON, J. This case must be considered as though it stood on demurrer to evidence, for the first charge requested of the court below by the counsel for the defendant, has been treated by this court as equivalent to such demurrer. To authorize a recovery by the plaintiffs, on the several issues in the court below, they must show the justice of their demand; that it is not obnoxious to the statute of limitations of three years, and not barred by the statute of non-claim. And to make good their special replication, it must appear that their account with the defendant originated in the trade of merchandize, and is an account between merchant and merchant, within the meaning of the statute of limitations of this State. If these are made out by proof, or by legitimate inferences deduced from testimony, then the judgment in their favor in the court below must be here affirmed. 1. I will first examine the case under the issue made on the plea of nonassumpsit. On a review of the testimony, so far as it relates to the sale of the goods to Coffin & McCulloch, the presentation of the account to McCulloch in his lifetime, and his silent acquiescence in its correctness, after he had it in his possession, under such circumstances as create a fair — 706 — presumption that he had noted its contents and examined its items, we think the testimony of Knight and Hitchcock sufficiently establishes. The latter of these witnesses deposes, that this account, with others, was sent to his law firm, that they might settle and liquidate it; that McCulloch came several times and examined the bundle in which this one was filed, and never made objection to either the correctness or justice of any of them. This, we think, is quite sufficient to charge Coffin & McCulloch with an acknowledgment of th» justice of the claim. But it was objected in the court below that proof of an existing demand against the firm of Coffin & McCulloch, accompanied with an express or implied assumpsit on their part to pajr it, would not authorize a recovery on a declaration which averred it to be the debt of McCulloch alone, and his undertaking to pay it as such; and to this effect the counsel for the defendant requested -the court to charge the jury. The instructions were properly refused; for the question of the right of a plaintiff to sue one or all of the members of a firm, for a debt contracted in the firm name, ■ and to declare upon the demand as the individual liability of the member or members so sued, is no longer an open one in this State. The act of 1818, Olay’s Dig. 323, § 63, clearly confers that right, and the decisions in the cases of Von Pheel & McGill v. Connally & Anderson, 9 Port. 452, and Trann v. Gorman et al., ib. 456, show that it may be asserted in the manner it is here sought to be enforced. In those cases, however, the actions were brought against the partner himself, and not, as here, against his personal representative; but this, we apprehend, does not interfere with the manner of declaring, or the nature of the evidence necessary to support the declaration. The right ,to sue the personal representative of a deceased partner separately, is also given by statute, and, although the act which confers it, imposes some modifications and restrictions upon the manner of commencing the suit or of enforcing the judgment, yet none of these extend either to the pleadings or proof. The act is in these words, “ Where any person or persons shall have a cause of action against any copartnership, any of the members of which may have died, such per — 707 — son or persons shall be permitted to sue and recover of th« personal representatives of the deceased partner or partners, without first having prosecuted the surviving partner to insolvency : Provided, The plaintiff shall, before instituting such suit, make affidavit, in writing, before the clerk of the proper court, or the court itself, to be filed with the papers, that the survivor is insolvent, or unable to pay the amount of the debt, or is beyond the jurisdiction of the court: Provided further, That when any such representative is sued separately, which may be done without such affidavit, no execution shall issue against such representative, until an execution is Iona fide run, and returned nulla Iona as to the survivors.” Clay’s Dig. 324, § 67. The creditor by this act may proceed against the personal representative to judgment, and have execution against him for his recovery, without prosecuting the surviv: ing partners to insolvency, if he makes the affidavit required by the first proviso in the statute; or he may, as in the case under consideration, sue and recover his judgment, without making such affidavit, but cannot be allowed to execute that judgment until he has sued the surviving partner or partners to insolvency. Our conclusion is, that there was neither a deficiency of proof, nor an error in the charge of the court, so far as the plea of nonassumpsii is concerned. 2. To the plea of the statute of limitations of three years, it appears by the record, the plaintiffs replied specially, that “ the account was between merchant and merchant.” This replication is neither very full nor formal; but great strictness in pleading is not required where the liberal practice of “ pleading in short,” as it is termed, is indulged at nisi prius. We will, therefore, treat this replication as though it contained all that is required to bring the plaintiffs within the proviso of our statute of limitations on open accounts. They might have replied generally to this plea, and relied upon the jjroof to show that the account on which they sue was an account stated, and thus, successfully, have taken the account out of the statute pleaded; but they have not thought proper to do so, and we are hence forbidden to examine the question in that aspect. The statute on which both the plea and the replication are founded is as follows: “ No action shall be brought to — 708 — recover money due by open account, after the expiration of three years from the accruing of the cause of action: Provided, That nothing in this act shall apply to the trade of merchandize between merchant and merchant, their factors and agents.” Clay’s Dig. 828 § 88. Does the proof in this case bring the plaintiffs within the exception contained in the proviso? We are persuaded it does not. It is true, they show themselves to be merchants, and also that the defendant’s intestate was such, at the time the goods were bought; yet we apprehend that this proof alone is not sufficient for that purpose. The English statute of 20th James I, with the exception of the word “ servants,” which is found in that act, is identical with our own. Under that statute, it has been held, that the word “ accounts ” was not intended to apply to settled or stated accounts between the parties; and in a case whore the plaintiff proceeded in his declaration on an insimul computasset, and the plea was the statute of limitations, to which the defendant replied, that the money in the account mentioned became due .and payable on trade between the plaintiff and defendant as merchants, and wholly concerned merchandize, a demurrer to the replication was unanimously sustained, and the replication held bad for the reason before stated. Webber v. Tivil, 2 Saunders, 121. In the case of Cotes v. Harris, referred to in Buffer’s Nisi Prius, 150, Dennison, Justice, is reported to have said and held, “that the clause in the statute of limitations in relation to merchant’s accounts, extended only to cases where there are mutual accounts, and reciprocal demands between two persons.” This, it is true, is but the language of one judge, but Mr. Justice Buffer gives it his sanction,, and Lord Kenyon quotes it with approbation in Cranch v. Kirkman, Peake’s Nisi Prius, 121. The distinction between an account current, which is held to be within.the statute, and an account stated, which is not, has been often taken, and is now admitted in England. 1 Vesey, 456; 4 Mod. 105; 2 Vesey, 400; 1 Mod. 270. The American courts have generally come to the same conclusion, where the statutes of their several States were substantially the statute of James I. See 6 Peters, 151; 5 Cranch, 15; 2 John. 200; 2 How. Miss. 786; 6 ib. 828; 2 Humph. 142; 5 John. Chy. Rep. 522. — 709 — In tbé first and last of tbe cases here cited, tbe English and American authorities are elaborately examined, in one, by Chief Justice Marshall, and in the other, by Chancellor Kent, and they arrive at the conclusion which we have attained. In the last case, Chancellor Kent uses the following clear and emphatic language: “To bring a case within the exception of the statute, there must be mutual accounts, and reciprocal demands between two personsand this, we think, is the only fair and reasonable conclusion to be deduced from all the authorities. IIow stands the case here? The plaintiffs present an account against Coffin & McCulloch, with several items of debit, and a single credit for so much cash paid. Aside from the fact, that the testimony of Hitchcock shows this to be a stated, and not an open account between the parties, the account itself does not exhibit such items of debit and credit as will stamp it with the character of a mutual account between merchants, showing reciprocal demands arising out of the trade of merchandize. Failing 1o do this, the replication of the plaintiffs is not sustained by the proof. 3. On the pica of the statute of non-claim, we do not think the plaintiffs made out their case in the court below. That statute is in these words: “ All claims against the estates of deceased persons shall be presented to the executor or administrator within eighteen months after the same shall have accrued, or within eighteen months after the passage of this act, or within eighteen months after letters of administration shall have been granted to the said executor or administrator, and not after; and all claims not presented within the time aforesaid, shall bo forever barred from a recovery: Provided, That the provisions of this section shall not extend to persons under age, femes covert, persons insane or non compos mentis, to debts contracted out of this State, nor to claims of heirs or legatees claiming as such.” Clay’s Dig. 195 § 17. By the act of the 5th February, 1850, the mode of presenting claims against the estates of deceased persons was altered, and the exception in favor of those creditors whose debts were contracted out of this State was abolished. The second section of that act provides, that filing the claim in the office of the Probate Court, out of which the letters of — 710 — administration issued, shall be a sufficient presentation to tbe administrator; and tbe fourth section repeals the exception in favor of those whose claims arise out of contracts made beyond the limits of the State, and places all claims on an equality, as to the tíme oí their presentation. Sess. Acts 1850, p. 68. . The only proof of presentation of the claim of the defendants in error in this case is, the certificate of the Judge of the Probate Court of Mobile county, in which it is certified that this claim was deposited in his office on the 7th of December, 1850, and that letters of administration 'were issued to the plaintiff in error on the 16th November, 1818. This is not a presentation within eighteen months after administration granted, as required by the statute of non-claim, and consequently the claim is barred. It results from what has been said, that the judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded.