Bartol v. Calvert

GOLDTHWAITE, J. — On the hearing of the claim, which was more than nine months after the estate had been declared insolvent, objections were filed by the administrator, to the effect, that the claim was not filed within six months after the decree of insolvency, and that it was not properly verified. The first question which is presented upon the record, arises upon the action of the court below in allowing these objections to be filed at that time. By the provisions of the ninth section of the act of 1843, Clay’s Dig. 194 § 10, every person having any claim against an insolvent estate, is required to file the same in the clerk’s office, within six months after the estate is declared insolvent; “and every such claim shall be [45] verified by tbe affidavit of the claimant; and the clerk shall give a receipt’therefor to the claimant, &c., and if no opposition shall be made to the allowance of such claim in the manner hereinafter provided, within nine months after the time when the estate was declared insolvent, such claim shall be admitted and allowed as a good and valid claim against the estate without further proof.” The decisions of this court upon this section of the statute have settled, that if the claim is not filed within six months from the declaration of insolvency, it is barred as against such estate, (Hollinger v. Holley, 8 Ala. 554,) and that the omission to verify the claim by affidavit does not have that effect; that the affidavit need not be filed at all, unless called for by an exception to the claim on that ground, but may be made at any time after objection, and before the hearing. Hollinger v. Holley, supra; Shortridge v. Easely, 10 Ala. 520; Brown & Co. v. Easly, ib. 564. We may remark also, that the ninth and tenth sections of the act of 1848 contemplate two classes of exceptions which may be made against insolvent estates: the one going to their standing in court, such as the time of filing, and their verification, and the other to the validity or defence of the claim itself; the latter requiring an issue to be made up and a trial by jury. The object of the ninth section was, to give to the administrator and the creditors three months to examine into the condition, and make objections to the allowance of the claims, for any cause which might exist; and it is obvious that they would be deprived of this right, if objections were required to be made within nine months to a claim filed more than six months after the decree of insolvency. But in relation to exceptions going to the verification of the claim, or the claim itself, there can be no hardship in holding the administrator and the creditors to the letter of the statute; while on the other hand, by the adoption of a different rule injustice might frequently result to a claimant who, reposing upon the terms of the statute, and finding no objections filed within the time prescribed by its provisions, takes it for granted that none will be filed, and under that impression omits either to verify his claim, or to provide the evidence necessary to sustain it. These reasons lead us to the conclusion, that the motion to disallow the exceptions going to the [46] verification of the claim should have prevailed; but as to the objections going to the time of filing, the court committed no error in allowing them to be made at the hearing. The record shows that the claim set up against the estate consisted of a promissory note, executed by the intestate, and a judgment rendered thereon, on the plea of insolvency, in the Circuit Court of Mobile county, under the act of 1843. Clay’s Dig. 195 § 13. The evidence offered in connection with the claim was the docket of the clerk of the County Court, kept in pursuance of the ninth section of the act last referred to, (Clay’s Dig. 194 § 10,) in which the entry of the claim was made, corresponding in all respects with the note offered, the name of the claimant, and the additional entry to the effect that the claim was filed on the 17th August, 1846 ; and also the transcript of the judgment on the note. The entry was proved to be in the hand-writing of the clerk, and was received without objection. The admissibility of the evidence being conceded by the failure to object to it, or to move for its exclusion, the question is alone as to its sufficiency, and in that aspect we can entertain no doubt that the testimony sufficiently established the filing of the claim, on the day specified in the entry. And as this was a matter proper to be tried by the court, an appellate court may review its judgment. That the note which constituted the claim at the time it was filed, subsequently passed into a judgment under the twelfth section of the act of 1843, (Clay’s Dig. 195 § 13,) can make no difference; the claim exists, although in a different shape, and the utmost effect of the judgment under the section referred to is to ascertain its amount. It is however insisted on the part of the defendant in error, that the term “months” as used in the ninth section of the statute (Clay’s Dig. 194 § 10) prescribing the time for the filing of claims against insolvent estates, must be construed to mean lunar instead of calendar months, and that by giving that construction, the claim is thrown outside of the statute. Upon the English authorities the rule is well settled, that a statutory month is a lunar month, unless otherwise expressed, 2 Black. Com. 141; 1 Wm. Bl. 450; Crooke v. McTorish, 1 Bing 307; but in that country the rule, although well estab47 lishecl, bas called forth an expression of regret from eminent judges, (1 Wm. Black. 450,) and there a different construction prevails in ecclesiastical cases, (Crooke v. McTorish, supra,) and in commercial contracts, (3 Br. & B. 250.) In the United States there is some conflict of decision, but the current of authority is to the reverse of the English rule. Hunt v. Holden, 2 Mass. 170; Avery v. Pixley, 4 Mass. 460; Commonwealth v. Chambre, 4 Dall. 143; Kimball v. Lawson, 2 Verm. 138; Strong v. Birchard, 5 Conn. 357; Churchhill v. Merchants’ Bk. 19 Pick. 532; Brewer v. Harris, 5 Gratt. 285. The general rule established by the American cases commends itself strongly by its superior convenience, its correspondence with our business transactions, as well as the received understanding in the community of the meaning of the term; and for these reasons we adopt it in preference to the English rule. It results from these views, that the evidence offered was sufficient to show the filing of the claim in question, within the time prescribed by the statute, and as no exceptions could be taken to the claim on any other ground, it follows that the decision of the court in rejecting the claim-was erroneous. As the case must be remanded, and another hearing will be had, it is perhaps necessary that we should, express our opinion upon another point presented. After rejecting the claim of the plaintiff in error, and after paying all the allowed claims against the estate, a surplus was left in the hands of the administrator, which was by direction of the court decreed to the general distributee. The writ of error being taken upon the rejection of the claim, and not to the decree rendered upon the final settlement, we could not properly review the action of the court below in this particular, as the record now stands; but as to the naked question of law, there can be no doubt that if a claim is rejected against an insolvent estate, on the ground that it was not filed within the time required, or for not being properly verified, and in consequence of its rejection a surplus is left in the hands of the administrator, such surplus should be appropriated to the creditor in preference to the distributee, if his claim against the estate is not barred on some other ground. The cases of Phelan v. Phelan, 13 Ala. 679, and Middleton v. Maul, 16 Ala. 479, are conclusive upon this point. [48] A question bas also been raised in consultation as to whether the writ of error should not be dismissed, as not falling within the thirteenth section of the act of 1843, (Clay’s Dig. 195 § 14.) A majority of the court entertain the opinion that by the decree of insolvency the court acquires jurisdiction of the claim, and that the effect of the statute regulating-proceedings in relation to insolvent estates, (Clay’s Dig. 194, 195,) is, to convert each contest arising upon a claim, into a distinct and separate proceeding, the administrator or the creditors in his name being the parties on one side, and the claimant on the other; and that a judgment rejecting the claim, even where no issue is directed or made, if it does not come within the meaning of the section of the act of 1843, before referred to, is a final judgment within the meaning of the act of 1821, (Olay’s Dig. 297 § 4,) to which a writ of error will lie. The judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded.