Tannis v. Doe ex dem. St. Cyre

GOLDTHWAITE, J. — The first question presented by the counsel for the plaintiff in error, is, as to the right of the defendant in error, as a free person of color, to inherit lands in this State. .At the common law, the right to inherit was dependent upon the duties which devolved on the natural-born subject, in return for the protection supposed to be afforded him by the sovereign, and sprung directly from the obligation of fidelitas, or fealty, which, under the feudal system, was required from the vassal. 1 Black. Com. 366; 2 Kent’s Com. 57. The reasons which operated in the establishment of the rule have, in a great measure, ceased; but the rule still exists, and under its operation all persons entitled to take by inheritance at the common law possess the same right in this State, unless inhibited by our statutes, either expressly or by necessary implication. It is not pretended, that there is any express inhibition under the laws of this State; but it is insisted, that the disability results from the legislative enactments which, from time to time, have been adopted in relation to this class of individuals, the spirit of which is said to be in hostility to the exercise and enjoyment of this right by them. In the absence of any constitutional provision, regulating the course of legislation, it is a matter of difficulty, as well as of some delicacy, to determine upon questions of State policy. — 452 — Questions of this character should be determined by the State itself; and most certainly in all cases in which a court is called upon to declare that an important rule of property, recognized by the general law in force, is abrogated and repealed, as being contrary to the policy of the State; at least the indications of such policy, as furnished by the voice of the sovereign power, should be clear and certain. In other words, the right which is given by the general law, must be plainly and obviously inconsistent with the existing statutes; and if, upon a just interpretation of the latter, the two can exist together, the intention of the legislature that they should both exist, is to be presumed; and this court could not, with any propriety, in such a case, by the repeal of the rule, give effect to its own views of State interest, or State policy. Such a course would be legislative, rather than j udicial interpretation. No certain, or even definite conclusion, as to the policy of the State in relation to the toleration of free negroes within its limits, can be drawn from the constitutional provision in relation to the emancipation of slaves. The framers of that instrument unquestionably looked forward to the time, when the indiscriminate and uncontrolled exercise of the power of manumission by our own citizens, might bring with it evils of sufficient magnitude to require some restraint to be laid upon that power. But the provisions in relation to this object were prospective merely, and properly entrusted the entire subject of emancipation, within the State, to legislative discretion, to be exercised as the future interest or policy of the State might require. There is no constitutional provision, as to the right of free persons of color to come into the State; and it was not until February, 1832, that the accumulation of this class of population within our territorial limits, was regarded as an evil sufficient to demand legislative interposition. By the act of 1882, the immigration of free persons of color into the State was prohibited, under severe penalties; but its provisions applied only to individuals of that class who came into the State after the first of February of that year; and the discrimination thus made by the terms of the act is conclusive, to show that those who were not embraced by its provisions were not subject to its penalties, and, as a necessary — 453 — consequence, possessed all the rights which they possessed previous to its enactment. If the action of the legislature is to be regarded as a correct exposition of State policy, the expression of the legislature, defining the limits of such action) is equally conclusive, as to the extent to which that body intended the policy should be pursued; and having, in the present instance, virtually exempted from the operation of the laws directed against free persons of color, those who came into the State prior to 1832, no argument founded on the policy of the law can be maintained against those who are so situated. The charge of the court, therefore, that a negro could hold and inherit lands, was, as a general rule, correct; and if the plaintiff in error wished a more particular direction,, to point it to a case where the descent was cast upon a free person of color who was not a resident of the State on the first day of February, 1832, he should have applied to the court for a special charge to meet that case. It will be observed, that we do not decide the question as to the right of a free person of color to inherit lands in this State where the descent was cast since the passage of the act of 1832, and the heir was not a resident of this State on the first day of February of that year. That question does not necessarily arise upon the record; and the facts of the case, as presented by the bill of exceptions, render it improbable that.it can arise upon any future trial of the case. It is urged, however, that, if the policy of the law does not exclude the defendant in error, as a free negro, from the right to recover, yet, by the disability impliedly annexed to her condition as an emancipated slave, she is denied the right to hold lands in that capacity. We doubt whether this question properly arises upon the record, in the absence of any specific instruction on this point requested by the plaintiff in error; but, as the case must be reversed on another ground, and as the same question must necessarily' arise upon another trial, it is perhaps proper that the point, so far as it is necessary to the determination of this case, should be decided; and upon this branch of the argument, it is sufficient to remark, that, previous to the act of 1834, (Clay’s Digest, 545, §§ 37, 38,) there was no law which required the slave to leave the State, either after, or to complete, the act of emancipation. The act — 454 — of 1884 not only denied effect to tbe act of emancipation until tbe slave left tbe State, but secured tbe community against bis return, by tbe infliction upon him, in that event, of servitude for life. If this act is considered as indicative of tbe policy of Alabama not to allow emancipated slaves to remain in tbe State, without reference to tbe State where their manumission was effected; still, there is no rule of construction, 'by which it could be applied to slaves who were emancipated before its passage, and tbe defendant in error would, therefore, be exempted from its operation. We have considered tbe questions presented, involving tbe disability of tbe defendant in error, as depending upon tbe statutory provisions applicable to individuals of her status or condition, for tbe reason, that we know of no other principle on which to rest it. It is conceded, that there may be cases in which the right of the individual to hold and enjoy property may be denied, in the absence of any legislative provision ; as in the case of slaves, where the right to make contracts, or to hold property, is in direct conflict with their condition, from which a civil disability necessarily results. But no such incapacity attaches to a free person of color, or to an emancipated slave; and it can only be fixed upon them by express legislative enactment, or by necessary implication. The only remaining disability which is urged against the defendant in error, is, that of alienage. The evidence upon this point shows, that she was born in Florida, when that State belonged to a foreign power, and that she remained an inhabitant of that territory up to 1818. On the 2d of February, 1819, Spain ceded Florida to the United States. The sixth article of the treaty of cession, is as follows: “The inhabitants of the territories which his Catholic Majesty cedes to the United States by tins treaty, shall be incorporated into the Union of the United States, as soon as may be consistent with the principles of the Federal Constitution, and admitted to the rights, privileges and immunities of the citizens of the United States.” This treaty is the law of the land; and, by its terms, the inhabitants of Florida were admitted to the privileges, rights and immunities of American citizens. But if the treaty contained no such clause, we entertain no doubt that, by its operation, the inhabitants of Florida at the time — 455 — of its execution would be enabled to bold lands in tbe United States. Tbe effect of tbe treaty was not only to transfer tbe ceded territory, but tbe allegiance of its inhabitants, to tbe United States. There was a change of sovereignty, and tbe allegiance due from the inhabitants of Florida to tbe crown of Spain was, by tbe act of transfer, abandoned by that power, and transferred to tbe United States; and, as tbe right to inherit depends upon the state of allegiance at tbe time of descent cast, (Dawson v. Godfrey, 4 Cranch, 321,) it follows, that if tbe defendant in error was an inhabitant of Florida on tbe 2d of February, 1819, she lost the character of an alien, by tbe operation of the treaty of that date, and would be entitled to take lands in tbe United States by descent, if not incapacitated by tbe laws of the State in which tbe lands were situated. Tbe evidence as stated in tbe bill of exceptions, shows, that the defendant in error was born in Florida before the treaty of cession, and of course the fact of alienage depended upon her being an inhabitant of that territory at the date of the treaty; but on an examination of the record it will be found, that tbe charge of tbe court was based entirely upon other portions of tbe testimony, with reference to which it was strictly correct. The admission, however, of the registered copy of the deed from Joshua Kennedy to Cyrus Evans, we regard as erroneous. The evidence submitted to tbe court, as the preliminary for its admission, raised a strong presumption that the original deed was in the possession of the boy Alfred; and the only diligence shown to have been resorted to was, the verbal application to him by the executor of the grantee. There can be no fixed rules applicable to cases of this character; but the party relying upon the written evidence should at least be required to show, that he has, in good faith, and to a reasonable degree, exhausted those means which were in his power, and which would probably result in the production of the deed. If Alfred was a slave, application should have been made to his master or owner; and if he could not be found, or was unknown, that fact should have been shown to the court. If he was free, a subpoena cluces tecum would probably have been effectual. But a mere verbal application to — 456 — the piobable possessor, whether bond or free, we do not think was sufficient. For this error, the judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded.