King v. Kent's Heirs

WALKER, J. In determining upon the validity of the decree of the orphans’ court, when collaterally assailed, it is only necessary to inquire whether the court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter ; for the proceeding is in rem, and no mere irregularities can render it void. — Wyman v. Campbell, 6 Porter, 219 ; Couch v. Robinson, ib. 262 ; Lightfoot v. Lewis, 1 Ala. 475 ; Duval’s Heirs v. McLosky, 1 Ala. 708 ; Perkins v. Winter, 7 ib. 855 ; Duval’s Heirs v. P. & M. Bank, 10 ib. 636 ; Field’s Heirs v. Goldsby, 28 ib. 218 ; Doe, ex dem. Saltonstall, v. Riley, 28 ib. 164; Pearson and Wife v. Hearin, at the last term ; Bishop v. Hampton, 15 Ala. 761. It is contended that the want of jurisdiction in the orphans’ court is patent upon the face of the record, because the petition for the sale of the land is filed by the widow, who, it is argued, is not a “ party interested,” within the meaning of the act under which the decree was made. In the correctness of this argument we have been strongly inclined to acquiesce, because it seems that the widow has no direct interest in the sale of the land, unless there be a will controlling the descent of the property of the deceased. The widow’s dower cannot be affected by the sale. That right is as complete after, as before the sale. — Owen v. Slatter, 27 Ala. 547. Nor could her share of the personalty be increased by the appropriation of the heir’s lands to the payment of debts ; for, under the statute*, (Olay’s Digest, 191, § 1,) the personalty is devoted to the payment of debts, before distribution, and the heirs would be entitled to an amount in value of the personalty equal to the price of their lands appropriated to the payment of debts, prior to the distribution, in which the widow would participate. Therefore, if the requirement that the person who files the petition shall be a “party interested,” is a jurisdictional matter; and if by “party interested ” is meant a “ party interested” in the sale of the land itself, it seems to follow that the jurisdiction of the court could not be maintained. We waive the consideration of the question, whether the — 550 — interest of the party who files the petition is a jurisdictional matter; and we proceed to the discussion of the other question, whether by “ party interested ” is meant one interested directly in the sale of the land, or one interested in the estate. The statute, under which the proceedings in the orphans’ court were had, is as follows: “ Whenever it shall be made to appear, to the satisfaction of any orphans’ court, thatiAe estate of any deceased person, or those entitled to inherit the same, will be less injured by a sale of the land, or part thereof, for the payment of debts, than by a sale of slaves, such court may, on the petition of any party interested, cause a citation to issue to all other interested persons, if in the county, or, where this is not the case, by publication of notice in some paper, for such interested party or parties to appear at the next county court, and show cause, if any they can, why sale of the land belonging to the estate should not be ordered ; and on proof of the publication of the notice hereby required, at the next term of such orphans’ court, if no cause be shown which the court deems sufficient, such court may order a sale of such land, or whatever parts thereof as may be necessary to satisfy debts, without a sale of negroes; and such sale shall vest in the purchaser the same title, in law or equity, of which such decedent died seized and possessed.” — Olay’s Digest, 195, § 18. This act of 1818 contemplates, not only that a “ party interested ” shall file the petition, but that parties interested shall be notified, and thus have an opportunity to resist the petition. The same term is used to designate the person who is to file the petition, and the persons who are to be notified. It is a legitimate inference, that the same meaning is attached to the description, when applied to the latter, as when applied to the former persons ; and if we ascertain that those who are to be notified of the application to sell the land are not merely persons who are directly interested in the sale of the land, but persons interested in the estate, we shall attain a solution of the question, who may make the application for the sale of the land. The distributees of an estate are interested in having its debts paid off, with the utmost celerity consistent with a discreet administration of it. They are interested, also, in the question, which arises incidentally in this proceeding, whether — 551 — the amount of genuine debts against an estate is such as to render a sale of the slaves necessary, unless the exigency is met by a sale of the land ; and also in the question, whether the personal property, other than slaves, is sufficient to pay the debts, or, if not sufficient, what is the extent of the deficiency. They have a direct interest in the policy involved in a substitution of land for slaves as the means of paying debts. If the price of slaves should be temporarily depressed to an unusual degree, while the particular real estate could be sold for an adequate price, it would be the interest of the distributees to seek a sale of the land, rather than the slaves. If a cloud should be hanging over the title to the slaves, which would prevent a sale of them at a fair price, and which might be removed by a brief litigation, it would be the interest of the distributees to provide for the payment of pressing debts by the sale of the land, and allow the administrator time to remove the cloud from the title. In these, and many other contingencies which might be mentioned, the interests of “ parties interested” in the estate as distributees might be affected by the proceedings before the orphans’ court. It cannot be that the legislature, in directing that “ parties interested” should be notified, and have opportunity to show cause against the application, left out of view such interests as those. The converse of the circumstances, which make a distributee interested to defeat a sale of land, would make the same person interested in favor of the application to sell. In our opinion, the widow must be deemed a party interested, for the purpose of making application to sell land under the statute of 1818. She, along with the other distributees, is a party interested in the proceeding to sell the land, and may, therefore, make the application. The statute contemplates a sale of land rather than slaves, not only in the contingency of its being more beneficial to the heirs, but of its being a less injury to the estate. All persons who are dis-tributees of the estate, and who are therefore interested in every question pertaining to the celerity of its settlement, to the preservation of the property with the smallest loss, to the avoidance of a sale of property, to paying other than just debts, and to the omission to sell when the sale would involve a sacrifice of the property, are competent, under the statute, to file — 552 — the petition. In the cases of Couch & Robinson v. Campbell, 6 Porter, 262, and Pearson v. Hearin, at the last term, the jurisdiction in the orphans’ court was maintained, upon a petition filed by the administrator, who certainly has no direct interest in the question of the sale of the land, and can have no other interest except in the estate growing out of the duties and obligations of his office. His interest is that of a mere official representative, and cannot be greater than that of those for whom he acts. It is next objected to the validity of the decree for the sale oí the land, that the location of the land ordered to be sold within the State of Alabama, is not shown in the petition. The petition describes the land by stating the section, township and range in the district of lands sold at Cahaba. Oa-haba was once the seat of government of the State of Alabama, and is mentioned as such in the constitution of the State ; and is also mentioned as a town in the State of Alabama, in many other public acts of the legislature. We are bound, therefore, to know that Cahaba is in the State of Alabama. The district of lands for sale at Cahaba is defined by public acts of congress, which show that its boundaries are such that it lies within the State of Alabama ; and Cahaba is recognized in an act of congress as the location of the land-office ; and we presume that the land-office is located at Cahaba by order of the president, which location he is by act of congress authorized to make. Cahaba has long been notoriously known and recognized as the place at which the lands of the district were for sale. We feel authorized, upon the authorities cited below, to take judicial notice that lands within the district of lands for sale at Cahaba are within the State of Alabama. Salomon v. The State, 28 Ala. 88 ; Canal Company v. Railroad Company, 4 Grill & Johnson, 68, per Bland, Ch. ; Dickinson v. Branch Bank at Mobile, 12 Ala. 54 ; Commissioners’ Court of Russell County v. Tarver, 25 Ala. 480 ; Owings v. Hull, 9 Peters, 625. See the acts of congress cited upon the brief of counsel. That part of the petition which alleges the grounds of the jurisdiction in the court, is as follows : “Your petitioner further represents to your Honor, that said estate is indebted to about the amount of four thousand dollars, and that it — 553 — would 'probably take the whole amount of tjie slaves of the said estate to pay the debts of the same. - Your petitioner is satisfied that said estate would be less injured by a sale of the real estate described in the petition, than by a sale of the slaves belonging to the estate. If the slaves be sold to pay said debts, it will leave to the heirs a large amount of lands, without any one to cultivate it; but if said lands be sold, it will leave to the heirs one hundred and seventy acres, on which your petitioner resides, with a sufficient number of slaves to cultivate it; which is a matter of great importance to said minors, as well as your petitioner.” It is undeniably true that the words, “ your petitioner is satisfied that said estate would be less injured,” &c., would not be deemed an averment in pleading, when assailed by demurrer, or by motion to dismiss. It would be regarded as the assertion of the conviction of the petitioner’s mind, and not of a fact. But the question is materially different, when the petition is collaterally assailed, as the predicate of the jurisdiction of the court. When the petition is directly assailed, the question is one of pleading, and the intendments are made against the pleader ; but a different rule prevails, when the proceedings have gone into a decree, under which rights of property have attached. Then every reasonable intendment in the construction of the language of the petition, must be in favor of the validity of the paper. Under a different rule, designing persons might withhold objections for amendable defects, until after the proceedings had terminated, and rights had attached, and then vitiate the whole proceeding ; thus converting a court of justice into a snare. The courts have gone far in construing the language, upon which the jurisdiction of courts authorized to license such sales is based, so as to maintain the validity of the sales. In Wyman v. Campbell, 6 Porter, 242, a quotation is made from the opinion in Goforth v. Longworth, 4 Ohio, 129, in the following words : “ Public policy requires, that all reasonable presumptions should be made in support of such sales, especi • ally respecting matters in pais. The number of titles thus derived, and the too frequent inaccuracy of clerks and others concerned in effecting these sales, render this necessary.” This court, approving the remark of the Ohio judge, adds : — 554 — “ If a different rule prevailed, purchasers would be timid, and estates consequently be sold at a diminished value, to the prejudice of heirs and creditors.” In Thompson v. Tolmie, 2 Peters, 165, it was .a question, whether a petition, institu - ting proceedings for the sale of land under a Maryland statute, showed that one of the heirs was of age. The petition set out the names of the three heirs, and stated that two of them were under age, but was silent as to the age of the other. The court said“ Why specially allege that thesé two were minors, if Margaret was also a minor? Every reasonable intendment is to be made in favor of the proceedings ; and their allegation in the petition will fairly admit of the conclusion, that the petitioners intended to assert that Alice and James only were under aged’ See Wyman v. Campbell, supra, and the cases cited in the opinion of the court; McPherson v. Cunliff, 11 Serg. & Bawle, 436 ; Stanley v. Barker, 26 Vermont, 507. While the principle, that the jurisdiction of courts of limited authority must be shown by the record, is too deeply rooted in our law for us to supply by intendment the omission of the jurisdictional facts from, the record, authority, public policy, and justice alike require that, in determining whether the record does disclose the jurisdictional facts, we should construe the language of the record most favorably for the maintenance of the decree, and, where words are susceptible of two or more constructions, adopt that which will sustain the decree. We should understand the petition as it is reasonable to infer that the party who made it and the judge who acted upon it did understand it, and not as they were bound to understand it. That an estate would be less injured by a sale of land than slaves, is a fact which is a deduction from other facts ; and its ascertainment involves, to some extent, the judgment as well as the perception. It is scarcely conceivable that such a fact could be asserted with undoubting' certainty. Looking to the nature of the fact, and giving to the petition the liberal rule of construction and intendment which we have laid down, we will regard the sentence under consideration as if'the petitioner asserted, from a satisfaction or conviction of the fact, that the sale of the land would be less injurious to the estate than the sale of slaves. — 555 — It was argued by counsel, that the petition does not show that it was necessary to sell slaves to pay the debts of the estate. The petition says, “ that said estate is indebted to the amount of about four thousand dollars, and that it would •probably take the whole of the slaves to pay the debts of the same.” “ Take,” according to Webstcr’s dictionary, is used as the synonyme of “ require,” or “ be necessary.” The sentence, in reference to which the question is made, may be understood as if it read, “ it will probably require the whole of the slaves to pay the debts.” Thus read, the sentence is reasonably susceptible of the construction, that the sale of slaves was necessary, and that it would require probably the “whole of them”.; thus leaving the number of the slaves required the only matter of doubt. Thus the allegation meets the demands of the statute. It is no objection to the petition, that it avers the necessity of a sale of slaves to pay debts of the estate, instead of debts of the deceased. The debts of the estate are, the debts of the deceased, the funeral expenses, and the charges of settling the estate. With all these the personalty is made chargeable by the act of 1806.' — Clay's Digest, 191, § 1. Slaves are therefore liable to pay debts of the estate ; and it must be sufficient to show that the slaves would be required to pay the debts of the estate. We cannot assent to the argument, that the authority to make a sale, under the act of 1818, is restricted to cases of intestates’ estates. The authority extends to eases, “• where the estate of any deceased person, or those entitled to inherit the same, will be less injured,” &c. It is not restricted to cases where those entitled to inherit the estate will be less injured ; but, by its terms, applies to the estate of any deceased person. That cannot be a sound construction which, in effect, interpolates before “ estate ” the word “ intestates.” If there is anything in the will of the deceased rendering it improper to sell the land, it might be set up as a sufficient cause for withholding the decree. Whether land devised could be sold in this proceeding, is a question which does not arise in this ease, and which we do not intend to decide. Section 2213 of the Code says, that the plea of not guilty, in an action to recover land, is an admission by the defendant that he is in possession of the premises sued for, unless he — 556 — states distinctly upon the record the extent of his possession ; in which case it is an admission of possession to such extent only. This provision of the Code must be construed to mean, that the plea of not guilty is an admission of possession at the commencement of the suit; for if it is not so construed, it' is senseless and without any effect. Section 2209 characterizes the action to recover the land as in the nature of an action of ejectment, in which the usual modern consent rule dispenses with the proof of possession. — Adams on Ejectment, top page 819, marg. 277, bottom 286. The object of the Code was, to make the unqualified plea of not guilty equivalent in its effect to the consent rule. And we should close our eyes to the purposes and intent of the statute, and blindly adhere to the letter, if we should subscribe to the argument, that the plea is an admission of possession only at the time of filing the plea. The questions decided will probably control the decision of the case in the court below, and we therefore forbear to pass upon the various questions of evidence presented by the bill of exceptions. The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the cause remanded. RICE, C. J. In respect to the lands of a decedent, the orphans’ court is an inferior court. If that court had jurisdiction as to the land in controversy, it was by virtue of the act of 1818, quoted in the opinion of my brother Walker, and by virtue of that act only. But under that act, the orphans’ court had no jurisdiction, unless, “on the petition” of a “party interested,” it appeared that the estate of the deceased, or those who are entitled to inherit the same, will, he less injured by a sale of the land, or part thereof, for the payment of debts, than by a sale of slaves. That does not appear “on the petition.” The allegation in the petition is, not that the estate, or those entitled to inherit the same, will-be less injured by a sale of the land, &c., but that the “ petitioner is satisfied that said estate would be less injured by a sale of the real estate,” &c. The distinction in pleading, between an averment of the existence of .a fact, and an averment of the pleader's belief of the existence of a fact, is too clear and too sound to be — 557 — drawn in question. And when the jurisdiction óf a court of special and limited powers is, by the statute creating the jurisdiction, made to depend upon the allegation of a particular fact, that fact must be alleged. An allegation that the pleader (the petitioner) “ is satisfied” of the existence of that fact, is no more than his assertion of his belief of its existence, and cannot support or give jurisdiction. The issue tendered by such an allegation is, not whether the fact exists, but whether the pleader believes it to exist. Whatever efficacy individuals may accord to faith, courts cannot, consistently with any rules of law, hold the allegation of the pleader’s faith to be equivalent to, and a substitute for, the allegation of a jurisdictional fact. — Jones v. Cowles, 26 Ala. R. 612 ; Couch v. Campbell, 6 Porter’s R. 262, and the cases cited by my brother Walker. I believe the petition for the sale of the land to be fatally defective; because it substitutes the allegation of the petitioner’s faith, for the allegation of the existence of the jurisdictional fact. The law books speak oí jurisdictional fact, but not of jurisdictional faith ; and I shall not assume to be wiser or faster than the books, although I am aware we live in a fast age. The petition being thus defective, and actually appearing in the record, there is no authority for looking to the orders of the orphans’ court, as to what appeared, or was proved to that court, on the hearing of that petition. That court had no jurisdiction, upon that petition, to try or consider anything not alleged in it. If it tried or heard anything outside of the petition, it acted extrajudicially, and its action is void. “ In the absence of the petition,” the recitals in the orders of the orphans’ court become evidence of what was alleged in the petition. — Bishop’s Heirs v. Hampton, 15 Ala. R. 761. But when the petition itself appears in the record, as in this case, and does not contain the allegation essential to the jurisdiction of the orphans’ court, no recital in the order of that court, as to what appeared or was proved, can give or support its jurisdiction. To hold otherwise, would be to hold that, although the petition does not bring the case within the jurisdiction of the orphans’ court, yet that court may create its own jurisdiction, by its own recitals, in its own orders ! As to jurisdictional facts, not alleged in the petition, the pro — 558 — ceedings of the orphans’ court, in ordering a sale of land under color of the act of 1818, are as assailable collaterally, as they would be on a demurrer to the petition, or in any other direct mode. — Thompson v. Commissioners’ Court of Talladega, 18 Ala. R. 694, and authorities above referred to. I cannot assent to the opinion of my brethren, and feel bound to record my dissent.