Ex parte Norton

PETEES, J. This application involves an inquiry into the sufficiency of a judgment purporting to have been rendered by a court of the rebel government having control of the territory of the State of Alabama, during the late insurrection in the Southern States of the Union. If the court in which this judgment was rendered was a legal tribunal, then its judgment was legal also, and it is entitled to all the protection of a legal adjudication. But if it w;as an illegal court, then its judgment was invalid as a judgment. This court will take judicial notice of the facts which make up the history of the State in regard to the government that may at any time exercise control within its boundaries, whether it be legal or illegal. — Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 13 Pet. 519, 590; Taylor v. Barclay, 2 Sim. 221; 1 Greenl. Ev. ch. 2, § 5. It is then known to this court, that, on the 7th day of January, 1861, a convention assembled in the city of Montgomery, in this State, under authority of a proclamation of the Governor of the State of Alabama, and on the eleventh day of January, of the same year, this body passed an ordinance entitled, “ An ordinance to dissolve the Union between the State of Ala — 180 — bama and the other States united under the compact styled the constitution of the United States of America.” This convention styled itself “a convention of the people of the State of Alabama.” By it the rightful State government was overthrown, and a new insurrectionary government was set up in its stead. — 6 Wall. 13,14. The chief purpose of this extraordinary movement was to form “ a southern slaveholding Confederacy,” in which “ no slave ” could “ be emancipated by any act done to take effect in this State or any other country.” — Ordn. & Const, of Ala. 1861, article Slavery, § 1, part 2, ch. 3, § 2, pp. 106, 111. The constitution of the new government, thus erected within the territories of the State of Alabama, purports to have been “ adopted by the people of Alabama, by the unanimous vote of their delegates in convention assembled, at the capítol, in the city of Montgomery,” on the “twentieth day of March, in the year of our Lord, one thousand, eight hundred and sixty-one, and of the Confederate States of America, the first year.” This new government, thus established, repudiated any obedience to the government of the United States, and assumed a relation of hostility to its constitution and its laws. It took upon itself also the attitude of a government, independent and foreign to the United States, and levied actual war, by military force, against this latter government, in order to maintain its new position. Under this insurrectionary organization, all the officers of the former rightful government of the State of Alabama were continued in the discharge of the duties and functions of their several offices, as they existed before the ordinance of secession was passed. The judges and courts of the rightful State government, after this change, were incorporated into the new organization as a part of its administrative machinery. The courts became a branch of the insurrectionary government, as much so as any other department of the rebel organization. — Pamph. Seces. Ordn. p. 28, No. 16. The courts of the United States were expelled, and their jurisdiction and dockets transferred to the courts of the rebel government. — Pamph. Seces. Ordjn. p. 22, No. 14. This new rebel government in the State of — 181 — Alabama connected itself with a political organization of other insurrectionary governments in certain other States of the Union, which styled itself, in its constitution and laws, “ The Confederate States of America.” This latter also claimed to be independent, foreign and hostile to the constitution and government of the United States. —Pamph. Secession Ordin. and Const, of Confederate States, pp. 127, 113, 32. The career of the so-called “ Confederate States of America” lasted from the adoption of their provisional constitution, in March, 1861, till May, 1865, when the organization was broken up and dispersed by the military forces of the United States. The rebel government tin the State of Alabama, set up by the secession convention of 1861, formed a member of the Confederate States government, during the whole period of its existence, and it was actively engaged in carrying on open and flagrant war against the government of the United States, by all its departments. The courts were empowered and charged to aid the rebellion by giving credit and circulation to the treasury-notes of the so-called “ Confederacy,” and to punish by their judgments, as felonies, certain acts connected with desertions from the rebel armies. — Pamph. Acts 1861, p. 53, No. 54; Pamph. Acts 1863, p. 13, No. 3, § 7. Thus the courts were as much a part of the machinery of the rebellion as any other department of the insurrectionary administration. They were not the courts of the rightful State government continued under the rule of the de fado government of the insurrection, as the English courts were under the reign of Cromwell. But they were organized for unconstitutional and illegal purposes of the most fatal and criminal character. They were not established to prevent anarchy, but to aid the rebellion. They were utterly forbidden by law, and were destructive usurpations of the powers of the rightful government; and their officers and their acts were wholly without any legal warrant, except such as the rightful government might see fit to accord to them, on its restoration. The government, of which they formed a part, was beyond all question illegal in all its departments. — Texas v. White, 7 Wall. 700, 732. Admitting, then, as we must admit, that the rebel government, in this — 182 — State, was illegal, the fate of the judgments of its courts is most emphatically and correctly declared by Ohief-Justice TaDey, in the case of Luther v. Borden. Contrasting the two governments in Rhode Island, at the date of the Dorr rebellion, in that State, he says : “ For if this court is authorized to enter upon this inquiry as proposed by the plaintiff, and it should be decided that the charter government had no legal existence, during the time mentioned, if it had been annulled by the adoption of the opposing government, then the laws passed by its legislature during that time were nullities; its taxes wrongly collected; its salaries and compensation to its officers illegally paid; its public accounts improperly settled; and judgments of its courts, in civil and criminal cases, null and void, and the officers who carried their decisions into operation answerable as trespassers, if not, in some cases, as criminals.”— 7 How. 39. This strong expression of opinion no where gives countenance to the pretension that an illegal, insurrectionary government may become legal by assuming a die facto character. If any validity is given by the courts to the enactments and judgments of such an illegal government, even when it is not organized for purposes of rebellion, this must be in consequence of subsequent ratification by the rightful, legal government. The acts of the illegal government, however it may be erected, may be ratified ; and they need ratification to make them valid. — Scott v. Jones, 5 How. 343, 376, 378; 7 How. 55, 56. The better opinion seems to be, that the ratification of a judgment of an illegal and void court can not be accomplished by an act of legislation, because this is a judicial act, and the legislature has no judicial authority. — Cooley on Const. Limit. 107. In this instance, the court that rendered the judgment was illegal and void, and there has been no legal ratification of the judgment, by any authority competent to make it, since it was rendered. The convention that reconstructed and restored the rightful government of the State, refused to make any such ratification, except as shown in ordinance 39, entitled “An ordinance to declare void certain judgments, and to grant new-trials in certain cases therein mentioned,” passed December 6th, 1867.— — 183 — Pamph. Acts 1868, pp. 186, 229. The ordinances of the convention of the 12th of September, 1865, can not be regarded as laws, except so far as they have been adopted or re-enacted by the rightful legislative authority, since the restoration of the legal government. And this could not be done, so far as the judgments of the courts of the rebel government were concerned. There was no authority vested by law in provisional Governor Parsons to order the assembling of a convention, and its acts were not accepted or ratified by the supreme government, and the whole proceeding was utterly void. A mere convention of the people, assembled without competent authority, can neither make laws nor establish lawful governments in the States or territories of the United States. It requires legal authority in the first instance, or subsequent legal ratification to give such proceedings validity. The power is .in congress to accept and acknowledge the government thus formed, and in the rightful State authority, on its restoration, to adopt, re-enact and ratify the laws enacted by such irregular bodies. — Scott v. Jones, 5 Howard, 343; Luther v. Borden, 7 How. 1, 42, 47, 48, 49; Dorr’s Trial, pp. 130, 131, et passim; Cooley, 29, 30, 31; 24 Ala. 100. The right to decide what government in a State or territory of the Union is the legal rightful government is in congress, and not in the courts. — 7 How. 44, Taney, C. J. And congress has decided that the proclamation government of this State was illegal. — Reconstruction Acts 1867, Statutes at Large, pp. 428, 429. This seems to me to be the only correct conclusion that can be drawn from the authorities above cited, and from the relations of the governments of the States of the Union to that of the United States. The granting of new trials is a part of the remedy, and it is the province of the legislature to prescribe and control the remedy by law. “ And without impairing the obligation of a contract, the remedy may certainly be modified as the wisdom of the nation shall direct.” — 4 Whea. 122. It is from legislative authority that the court derives its power to grant new trials in any case. Even where they have been granted under the practice at common law, it is because the common law has been adopted by the legis — 184 — lative department of the government. — 3 How. 212. It is the purpose of the remedy to aid “ the attainment of fair judicial investigation, correct administration of justice, and the just and equable execution of judgments.” — Ex parte Pollard, 40 Ala. 77, 103. The allowance of a new trial tends to this end, and it does not impair the obligation of the contract on which the judgment is founded. It is permitted simply for the protection of right by “ the correct administration of justice.” It is impossible that this purpose can impair the obligation of a contract, unless the contract itself is for an unjust purpose, and therefore void. 2 Par. on Contr. p. 746, ei seq. Legislation governing the practice in the allowance of new trials can not, therefore, be obnoxious to the objection of unconstitutionality. And in accordance with this view has been the repeated decisions of the highest courts of the Union for many years. In the case of Sempeyreac & Stewart v. The United States, (7 Pet. 222,) the courts of the general government, in the territory of Arkansas, were authorized to hear and determine, on bill in chancery, the validity of certain grants of land made in the territory of Arkansas, acquired by the Louisiana purchase, before that vast tract of country became a part of the United States. The law of congress conferring this jurisdiction upon the superior courts of the territory of Arkansas, made the decrees of these courts in such cases final, if not appealed from in one year after the same might be rendered. A bill was filed under this law, which was passed in 1824, in the name of Sempeyreac, alleging a grant o'f a considerable tract of land to him in what is now the State of Arkansas. This grant was confirmed by decree of a court of the territory of Arkansas, at the December term, 1827. Long after this decree was thus rendered, and the right of appeal had been barred by the limitation imposed by this law, a second act of congress was passed conferring jurisdiction on the court, that tried this cause .in the first instance, to grant a rehearing on proceedings in the nature of a bill of review, filed or to be filed, for the purpose of revising such decree; and if it appeared that the court had assumed jurisdiction “ on any forged warrant, conces — 185 — sion, or order of survey, or other evidence of title, then, in case of such forgery, to reverse and annul any prior decree or adjudication confirming such claim. This latter act was passed in 1880, some two years after the rendition of said decree in favor of Sempeyreac. Yet, in his case, under the act of 1830 abovésaid, a proceeding in the nature of a bill of review was filed, on' the part of the United States, and a new trial was allowed; and the prior decree in favor of Sempeyreac was “ reversed, annulled, and held for naught.” From this latter decree, an appeal was taken to the supreme court of the United States, where it was objected, that the law of congress of 1830, authorizing the bill of review, was unconstitutional. But this objection was not allowed; because the bill of review was a new remedy, in the nature of a new trial, and the law authorizing it was constitutional. It was also declared that congress, the legislative power, had the right to mould its remedies as it pleased. But had the proceeding been by motion or petition for new trial, which is the usual course in a court of law, the effect would have been precisely the same; and it must have been justified and sanctioned by the same principles which gave validity to a proceeding by bill of review. What would justify the one course would justify the other also. Ubi eadem est ratio, eadem lex.— Broom’s Max. In Calder v. Bull, (3 Dal. 386,) a like conclusion was reached by the same high tribunal. There, a law of the State of Connecticut set aside a decree of the court of probate, and granted a new trial or rehearing in the same court; and on appeal to the supreme court of the United States; this act was upheld to be constitutional by all the judges. It is also settled by the same authority, that a State legislature has the constitutional right to grant a rehearing, which is the same as a new trial, in its own courts. Balt. & Susq. R. R. Co. v. Nesbit, 10 How. 395. These decisions come down to 1850, and, so far as I know, remain unshaken in principle or logic to this day. They fully justify the validity of the ordinance and act of the general assembly, under authority of which the motion for a new — 186 — trial of the case at bar was made and granted. It is true, that the same supreme court decided, in another case, that congress can not by law annul a judgment of the supreme court of the United States, but it is no whez*e intimated that congress can not authorize the allowance of a new trial in the national courts at any time it chooses. — 18 How. 422. In the cases above cited, the courts were legal courts and fully authorized to render the judgments complained of. They were legal judgments of legal courts. In the case at bar, the court was wholly illegal and forbidden by law. Its judge was an illegal officer, and his exercise of jurisdiction was an usurpation, and he acted in defiance of the rightful authority.— Coleman v. Chisholm, January term, 1869. The judgment was that of a court of a foreign and hostile government, which was wholly without acknowledgment of the rightful government. It is no where settled, or pretended, that the courts of such a government are entitled to have any constitutional protection whatever. If the court was clothed with no authority, the judgment is a nullity.— Vide Rose v. Himeley, 4 Cra. 269. The constitutions, neither of the States nor of the general government, give protection to the judgments of rebel courts, nor to their judges. Then, their judgments are at the mercy of the rightful authority. To say that such a court is necessary for the preservation of good order, and to avoid anarchy, is not enough to surmount the constitutional objection against them. All force, whether rightfully or unrightfully used, relies upon this pretense. It is the key-note of all rebellions. If these tribunal, thus attempted to be set up, are foreign and wholly unrecognized by the proper political authority, this fact of their necessity can not be taken for granted ; it must be proved. This court has no right to infer it — that is, their necessity is a fact that must be proved. Then, turning to the consideration of ordinance No. 39, of the convention of this State, of November, 1867, it declares, “ that in all cases where judgments or decrees have been rendered since the 11th day of January, 1861, to this date, (Dec. 6, 1867,) the party against whom such judgments or decrees have been obtained shall be entitled to a — 187 — new trial upon affidavit showing a meritorious defense; provided, the court shall be satisfied from all the facts that may be submitted by both parties, that a good and meritorious defense exists.” — Pamph. Acts, 1868, pp. 186, 187. The act of October 10, 1868, extends the time of opening such judgments for a new trial, as above said, to the 26th day of June, 1869, and directs that the application for the new trial may be made in vacation, and that it shall be “sustained by affidavit showing probable cause for a meritorious defense.” — Pamph. Acts 1868, p. 269, No. 48. Then, do the facts of this case bring it within the relief of the rule above declared and established, by ordinance No. 39 ? I think they do. This application for a new trial was made within the time prescribed by law, and in the manner directed by the ordinance and act above referred to. The judgment sought to be opened for a new trial was rendered in a rebel court, as the bill of exceptions and record show, on the 16th day of February, 1865, and “ of the independence of the Confederate States of America, the first year.” And it is also shown, that the Hon. Benajah S. Bibb was the person who presided as judge of said court. This court was established by the rebel legislature after the secession of the State, by an act which purports to have been approved December 7th, 1863. — Pamph. Acts 1863, p. 121, et seq. And the honorable and worthy citizen who acted as such judge was appointed to his office by the rebel authorities. On the motion for new trial, both parties appeared in the court below wherein the application was made, and each filed several affidavits in support of their respective pretensions. Some objection was made by the plaintiffs in the original judgment to the ex parte character of a portion of the affidavits filed by Mrs. Pierce. It was objected, that no notice of the time and place of taking these affidavits was given to the adverse party to the motion. The ordinance and act of the legislature, which authorize this proceeding, do not seem to contemplate the necessity of any such notice. The application is simply to be sustained, “ by affidavit showing probable cause for a meritorious defense,” This showing may be met by similar affidavits or — 188 — other testimony submitted by the adverse party. And if the court “ is satisfied from all the facts that may be submitted by both parties, that a good and meritorious defense exists,” the applicant shall be entitled to a new trial; and it is the duty of the court to grant it. The technical objections to the manner of taking the affidavits of the applicant for a new trial in the court below, were, therefore, properly overruled. The affidavit of Mrs. Pierce, in support of her application for a new trial, shows that she had not only probable grounds for a meritorious defense, but a sufficient defense to the whole action. The suit against her was based upon a contract of warranty of soundness of a negro man, sold as a slave since the first day of January, 1868. She mentions the transaction as one that had occurred about the 29fch day of July, 1868. The record of the judgment shows that it happened on August 13th, 1863. This was after the emancipation of the slaves in this State by the government of the United States. The whole contract of sale and the warranty were void, having been entered into after the person sold had been set free. — Nelson v. Morgan, June term, 1869; Texas v. White, 7 Wall. 700, 728. It also appears that the sale had been made for a sum in Confederate treasury-notes, which was greatly above their true value in specie, or in any currency of the United States, which would be good as a legal tender for the payment of debts. The court of a government organized to secure the perpetual existence of slavery, and which depended, in a great degree, for its most available resources, for means to discharge its daily expenditures, on the paper issues of its treasury, as notes and bonds, would-not have listened to any plea that assailed the institution of slavery, or the value of Confederate money. Yet the proper pleas in this case would have required an allegation that slavery had ceased to exist in this State at the date of the contract forming the basis of the suit, and that the specie or legal currency . value of the damages on a broken warranty, was much less than the exorbitant sum adjudged to be due by the judgment complained of, estimated by the Confederate — 189 — standard, which had been the measure of the price of the person sold as a slave. — Fath v. Bliss, June term, 1869. The judgment is for twenty-four hundred and sixty-four dollars, which means legal money. And it is evident that the damages recovered were estimated by the nominal sum in dollars paid in Confederate money as the price of the .person sold as a slave. But this sum was really in Confederate treasury-notes, and was no fair measure of the damages in specie or national currency, which was the only true standard. — Thorington v. Smith, U. S. Sup. Court, 1869. And although it is not known to this court that any pleas which involved the existence of slavery, at the date of this sale, and the utter worthlessness of Confederate treasury-notes at the date of the judgment, wrould have been rejected in the rebel court that tried this cause, yet enough is known to justify the declaration that the interposition of such pleas would not have been a safe proceeding at that date. It is known as a part of the history of the rebellion that the men who were held in bondage were sometimes killed, when they attempted to escape from slavery, to prevent such escape; and that all attempts to impeach the value of what was called “ Confederate money” were regarded with very great disfavor by the military authorities of the Coniederate States, who really ruled the country quite as they pleased, with but very little regard to the civil authorities, or the rights of the individual citizen. In one or two instances the refusal to accept Confederate treasury-notes, in payment of debts, was made a penal offense, triable by courts martial, by the military edicts of officers high in military authority. — Gen. Bates’ order in Alabama; Gen. Yan Dorn’s order in Mississippi; Gen. Herbert’s order in Texas. And though these measures were ordered to be rescinded and abandoned, it was always unsafe to to violate them, near a military post of the rebel government, as would have been the case in this instance. Then, it is almost beyond doubt that the pleas .necessary for a legal defense of this action in the rebel court, where it was tried, would not have been permitted to avail as a defense. I therefore do not doubt, that the facts set forth in the affidavit of Mrs. Pierce, made in support of her application, — 190 — which are not successfully controverted, show a good and sufficient defense; and, consequently, the order granting her a new trial was properly made. The rule for a mandamus is therefore denied, at the costs of the applicants for the same.