Reynolds v. McWilliams

B. F. SAFFOLD, J. — The appeal is from a peremptory mandamus, after answer, th the auditor of the State, to audit the accounts of the appellee for feeding prisoners and transporting convicts to the penitentiary, as sheriff of Wilcox County. The answer of the auditor admits that the applicant was in possession of the office of sheriff, under appointment of the governor, after due qualification, by giving bond and taking the requisite oath of office. But it denies that there was a vacancy at the time of his appointment, and alleges that M. G. Candee was the lawful sheriff by election and due qualification. It is not disputed that the accounts are proper [555] charges against the State, or that the applicant rendered the services and incurred the expenses, in the capacity of sheriff. The question to be decided is, whether his right to receive the compensation depends upon his lawful right to the office: whether the auditor can make that issue with him, in the matter of auditing his accounts. Before the auditor can be required to audit the proper charges of a sheriff, and to issue his warrant therefor on the state treasury, he must be informed by some evidence that the person making the application is the sheriff. He must be satisfied that he is not a mere pretender to the office, or a usurper intruding himself into it without color of right. If he knows that the claimant, though elected or appointed by competent authority, has failed to comply with indispensable prerequisites to entering upon the duties, such as giving bond, or taking an oath, or is holding over after the expiration of his term without any provision by law, he may refuse to recognize his right, and the court will not compel him to do so. Rounds v. Bangor, 46 Maine, 541; People v. Tieman, 30 Barb. 193; Riddle v. Bedford, 7 Serg. & R. 386. The reason of this is, that the claimant has never perfected his right to the office, or it has ceased, within his knowledge. He is a wrong-doer, and the law will do nothing to encourage him, apart from the protection due to third persons and the public generally. But, when the appointment or election is made under competent authority, and all necessary prerequisites have been complied with, if the claimant is in the discharge of the duties of his office for the term for which he was elected or appointed, he cannot be interfered with, except by a direct proceeding to set aside or annul his claim. This is partly in his interest, because he ought not to be held responsible for errors committed, without fault on his part, by the appointing power. In Wood v. Peake (8 Johns R. 54), where the defendant, in an action of trespass for taking goods, justified as constable under competent appointment, testimony offered to impeach the appointment, on the ground that there was no vacancy, was, held inadmissible. The court made the distinction of voidable appointments, as from a source possessing jurisdiction over the subject matter, and void ones, as from one that does not. In Cocke v. Halsey (16 Peters, 78), in reference to the authority of a clerk pro tempore of the Probate Court to receive a deed of trust for record, the court said: “In every instance in which a tribunal has decided upon a matter within its regular jurisdiction, its decision must be presumed proper, and is binding until it shall be regularly reversed by a superior authority; and cannot be affected, nor the rights of persons dependent upon it be impaired, by any collateral proceeding.” [556] This principle was applied to the case of the clerk, who, being properly appointed ~bj the judge, on account of tbe absence of the regularly elected clerk, was supposed to have been holding over beyond the authority of the judge to appoint at the time he received the deed of trust. The appointment of the clerk, and his acts when so appointed, were considered to rest upon a foundation still broader and firmer than that which sustains the actings of an officer de facto. “ By the investiture of the power of appointment, it remained with the judge (of probate), in the exercise of judicial discretion, to decide upon the propriety and necessity for the execution of the power. He did decide upon them, and he must be presumed to have decided properly.” In Conover v. Devlin (24 Barb. 587), the office of street commissioner of the city of New York had become vacant. Con-over was appointed to it by the governor, and qualified, and took possession of it. But the deputy street commissioner, who was rightfully in possession of the books and papers during the vacancy, refused to surrender them to him. He was forcibly ejected from the premises occupied as the office, and soon afterwards Devlin entered the rooms, and took possession of the books and papers, under appointment by the mayor and aldermen. Conover then applied for an order and warrant by which he should obtain the books and papers, under a statute very similar to ours for the same purpose. The' court refused to consider any question of the title to the office between the claimants. The possession under color of title, held by Con-over, was said to be sufficient to entitle him to the books and papers. On the other hand, the best possible right to the office was said not to entitle a party to the benefit of tbe proceeding, while it was apparent he was not in the occupancy of the' office, and not in a situation to exercise the functions of it. ,His remedy is by the action of quo warranto. It was further •held, that the rights of Conover, acquired by prior possession, could only be divested by legal measures, and were in no wise affected by his ejection by unauthorized force. This authority is .the more appropriate as the proceeding is well adapted to ■ascertain the defacto officer. In Wilcox v. Smith (5 Wend. 233), a constable, sued in trespass de bonis asportatis, was justified in executing process regular on its face, although the officer issuing the process was but an officer de facto. The court said, the principle established by the authorities is, that “ an individual coming into office by color of an election or appointment is an officer de facto, and his acts in relation to the public or third persons are valid until he is removed, although it be conceded that his election or appointment was illegal. His title shall not be inquired into. [557] The mere claim to be a public officer, and the performance of a single, or even a number of acts in that character, would not, perhaps, constitute an individual an officer de facto. There must be some color of an election or appointment, or an exercise of the office, and an acquiescence on the part of the public, for a length of time which would afford a strong presumption of at least a colorable election or appointment.” In Heath v. The State (36 Ala. 273), the accused, indicted for resisting arrest, undertook to defend, on the ground that the constable whom he resisted was ineligible to the office. The court said it was sufficient if he was exercising the duties of constable, under color of an election. In Sprowl v. Lawrence (33 Ala. 674), it was decided that, in a suit upon the bond of a sheriff de facto, neither he nor his sureties could allege he was not sheriff de jure. The appellant does not deny the validity of the acts of officers defacto, when they concern the public, or third persons. But he contends, that where the act is for the benefit of the officer, a different rule prevails. It is so stated in Flournoy v. Clements (7 Ala. 535), “ because he shall not take advantage of, his own want of title, of which he cannot be ignorant.” This is the principle supported in 46 Maine, 30 Barbour, and other cases supra. The rule is a just one when the incumbent knows he is not entitled to the office, and is acting wantonly or recklessly. But in all other cases his rights towards the public and third persons ought to be the same as theirs towards him. He is the lawful incumbent, except in a direct proceeding to oust him. Even the de jure officer cannot question his right, in a suit to recover the emoluments of the office. If. he cannot defend in all cases where he can be defended against, saving his wanton usurpation, or holding over contrary to law, he is exposed to needless peril, to the demoralization of the people, who are thus taught to assail the authority of all officers, speculating upon the chances of escaping punishment. His accountability to the State, and to the rightful claimant, are generally sufficient to suppress the individual assertion of any very doubtful right to the office. The auditor occupies the relation of third person to the sheriff. If he may question the validity of his incumbency, in respect to auditing his claims against the State, and test the matter by suit, so may each suitor in court who may owe him fees; the judgment in every case being no bar to a suit between the sheriff and other parties on a like issue. Even a de jure sheriff would fail before such repeated assaults. It is manifest that the ordinary muniments of title to an office must [558] suffice to establish the right of the incumbent, whenever it is collaterally called into question. The judgment is affirmed.