Crawford v. Creswell

STONE, J. — Eobert Creswell, having made and executed [500] bis last will, died, and bis will was admitted to probate about tlie year 1850. By the fifth item of his will, he constituted his son, Samuel L. Creswell, and James Crawford, or the survivor of them, trustees of his son, David Cres-well, and bequeathed to them, in trust, a pecuniary legacy, which, in 1868, amounted to some fifteen thousand dollars. J ames Crawford alone took upon himself the trust, and held this fund. Among other duties, not necessary to be here noticed, the trustees were, by the will, charged and instructed as follows : “ First, to pay my son, David Creswell, the interest accruing on the above sums, on the first day of January of each and every year during his life ; secondly, if his wife survive him, to pay said interest to her annually, on the first day of January of each and every year of her life ; thirdly, if my son, David Creswell, has a child or children living at the time of his or his wife’s death, then for the use and benefit of said child or children; fourthly, should my son, David Creswell, have no such child or children, then, and in that case, for the use and benefit of the children of my son Samuel L. Creswell and my daughter Zernula "W. Crawford, share and share alike.” Part of the money thus placed in the hands of the trustees, for the purposes above expressed, was the proceeds of real estate, which the will had converted into personalty by directing its sale and conversion into money.' — Jarman on Wills, in. p. 524; 2 Story’s Equity, § 790, and note. The bill in the present case seeks to have a part of the corpus of said fund invested in real estate in Alabama, to be a home for said David Creswell and Ms family. The complainants are, David Creswell, and six others, alleged to be his children, five of whom are described as infants, suing by next friend. It is not claimed that the will gives any power of re-conversion of any of the fund into land. It evidently contains no such power. The sole ground on which the relief is prayed is, that in the present impoverished and helpless condition of the family, their comfort and interest, for reasons stated in the bill, will be promoted by the copversion. Some of the legatees in remainder over are minors, who answer by their guardian ad litem. No testimony was taken in the cause, and no reference ordered, to inquire and report as to the expediency of such investment. The cause was tried on pleadings, and agreement of counsel, “ that the investment prayed for in said bill would be safe, and to the interest of complainants, not exceeding one-third of the whole trust fund.” This is signed by the solicitors of the complainants and of the adult defendants, and by the guardian ad litem of the infant defendants. The chancellor de [501] creed, “ that a sum not to exceed fire thousand dollars be used and applied to the purchase of such homestead in Alabama, by the trustee hereafter to be appointed to manage said trust funds; and that such trustee is hereby directed and authorized to invest a sum, not to exceed five thousand dollars, in the purchase of such a home for the beneficiaries, at such point as David Creswell may select.” No directions are given to guide the trustee in the purchase, save that it was to be at such point as David Creswell may select; and no instruction whether the investment should be in a plantation in the country, or in a residence in a city, town, or village. All this was left to David Creswell and the trustee; and it was not required that the selection or purchase should be reported to the court for its approval. We have with earnest solicitude looked into the authorities, and we have found no adjudged case, or principle stated in any elementary work, which will authorize the relief prayed, under either the averments or proofs found in this record. The testator, by his will, converted land into money, placed it in trust, directed its preservation, and the payment of the interest to successive donees; and at the end of certain lives, the principal to go to the children of David Creswell, if any living, otherwise over. It is a cardinal rule, in the execution of wills, to carry into effect the express directions of the testator. Disregarding these, we change rather than interpret the will. In the case of Davis, petitioner, 14 Allen, 24, a much stronger case is made than we find in this record, why a change of investment should be made. The relief was denied. The court said: “ So far as the intent of a testator can reasonably be effected, it should be done. He has exercised a right over his property, which the law has given him ; and that right should be respected and maintained.” And the court, commenting on the facts presented, said : “ It is not apparent that the interest of the sons ” [remainder-men] “would be promoted by a sale.” In Ex parte Jeioett, 16 Ala. 409, Ch. J. DargaN said : “Under peculiar circumstances, when it is manifestly for the interest of the infant, guardians may change the nature of their estate from personalty to realty, and from realty to personalty. He then quotes from Ch. Kent to the same effect, and adds : “ Yet I confess I have not been able to find a case in any of the English books, where a sale of real estate of an infant has been ordered, on the ground alone that it would be for the interest of the infant, unless connected with the further reason of paying debts, or providing a maintenance for the infant. In this country, however, where the value of real estate is not fixed and stable, but [502] vacillates as much, or more, than tbe value of personal property, it would seem but reasonable tbat a court of equity should order a sale of the real estate of an infant, where it was made manifestly to appear that his interest demanded it. But then the facts which render the sale necessary should be alleged as well as proved, that the chancellor may clearly see that the interest of the infant would not be prejudiced, but, on the contrary, promoted by the sale.” Conceding, for the sake of the argument, that the Chancery Court has power to change a testamentary investment, such as this, into a homestead for the family, the present record falls very short of making a case for its exercise. The averments should show facts, not mere conclusions, why the interests in remainder will not be prejudiced, if they should not even go further, and show that they will be promoted by the change ; and these averments must be proved by testimony that is, at once, intelligent, reliable, and free from all imputation of bias. In selecting the homestead, watchful attention should be bestowed on the prospective, permanent value of the property, as the only means of properly guarding the interests of those in remainder; and the title should be carefully examined, by one capable of making the examination; and all these questions, with full descriptive details, should be reported to the court by the register. General power to purchase should not be conferred : only a defined and special purchase allowed and sanctioned by the court, after a full understanding and approval by the court, of the property, the title, and the terms .of purchase. In what we have said above, we do not mean to affirm that the chancellor, under any circumstances, can authorize the conversion prayed in the bill before us. We leave that question open. — See 2 Story’s Equity, §§ 791, and 1276; 1 Perry on Trusts, §§ 452, 448; Evans v. Iglehart, 5 Gill & J. 171; In matter of Heaton, 21 N. J. 221; Rogers v. Dill, 6 Hill, 415; Banister v. McKenzie, 6 Mumf. 447; Leigh & Dalzell on Conversion, m. p. 167; 1 Jar. Wills, m. p. 528. 2. The Court of Chancery is, to some extent, the guardian of infants, and of other persons not sui juris. To justify its interposition, however, some proceedings must be had, bringing the question before the court. On a bill filed as this was, and making no charges against the fidelity or solvency of the trustee, the court has, ex mero motu, no authority to require a bond of the trustee, or to make orders, present or prospective, bearing on the question of his removal. If the infant had become a ward of the court, or, by other appropriate proceedings, the trust had been removed into [503] tbe Chancery Court, and was being there administered, the rule might be different. — See McCullough v. Sommerville, 8 Leigh, 415; Duke of Beaufort v. Berty, Pr. Wms. 704; Anderson v. Mather, 44 N. Y. 249; Wellesley v. Duke of Beaufort, 2 Russ. 1; 2 Story’s Eq. § 1337. The decree of the Chancery Court is reversed, and a decree here rendered, dismissing the bill of complainants.