Pollak v. Janney & Cheney

McCLELLAN, J. It appears from the contract executed by Moses Bros, and W. L. Chambers, severally on the one hand, and Ignatius Poliak, of January 3rd, 1888, that these parties, together with one Altmeyer, had some time before that made a purchase of lands which they call the “Cull-man purchase.” The agreement was, as between themselves, — 564 — that each of the parties named should pay a certain part of the purchase-money, but what each contribution should be, whether each should pay the same or different sums, does not appear, nor does it' appear whether they were jointly liable to the vendor for the whole purchase-money, or severally liable each to the extent of the contribution agreed on among themselves; but on the facts shown the presumption would be, perhaps, that they were jointly liable in gross, or, at least, that the land itself was subject to a lien in gross, for the whole purchase-money. Poliak and Altmeyer, before January, 1888, had fully paid their respective proportions of the land debt. The balance then unpaid thereon was $82,000, maturing February, 12, 1888, of which Moses Bros, were to pay $61,500, and Chambers was to pay $20,500. For the purpose of raising necessary funds to make these payments, the agreement of January, 1888, above referred to, was entered into. It is as follows: “This agreement made this, the 3d day of January, 1888, by and between Ignatius Poliak, Moses Bros, and W. L. Chambers, witnessed: That for the purpose of enabling the said Poliak to negotiate loans for the other named parties amounting to $82,000 and interest at six per cent, per annum from the 10th of February, 1887,—$61,500 of which is for and on behalf of Moses Bros., and $20,500 of which is for and on behalf of W. L. Chambers,—the said Moses Bros, have executed their sixteen promissory notes, dated and payable four months after date to the order of Ignatius Poliak, as follows: fifteen notes for $4,000 each, and one note for $1,500; and to secure the same have transferred to and deposited with said Poliak certain collaterals, as shown by a separate receipt of even date herewith; and the said Chambers has executed his seven promissory notes, dated and payable four months after date, to the order of said Poliak as follows: six notes, $3,000 each, and one note $2,500; and to secure the same has transferred to and deposited with said Poliak certain collaterals, as shown by a receipt of even date herewith. It is understood that the said Poliak is to be unrestricted in the disposition of said notes, and is to use them all, if practicable, for the purpose of meeting certain notes aggregating $82,000 maturing one year from the 12th February, 1887. The said Poliak, however, obligates himself to provide for only $50,000 of said $82;000, and in event not more than $50,000 is provided for by said Poliak for the purpose aforesaid, he hereby agrees to return notes to Moses Bros, and W. L. Chambers amounting to $32,000, and also to return them collaterals in the same proportion. It is un — 565 — derstood and agreed between tbe parties hereto, that said Poliak and one A. E. Altmeyer do not owe any part of the said $82,000 of notes, they having heretofore advanced their pro rata of money towards meeting payments on the Cull-man purchase.” Notes were executed by Moses Bros, and .Chambers, respectively, and the collaterals referred to were transferred and delivered by them respectively to Poliak, under and according to the terms of this agreement; and in pursuance thereof he, Poliak, used the notes of Moses Bros, for the purpose of raisiug said sum of $61,500 for them, and these notes were afterwards paid by Moses Bros. But Poliak did not use Chambers’ notes to raise his share of said indebtedness, viz: $20,500, nor did he raise that sum or any part of it for Chambers, and the latter has never paid said notes, or any part thereof. To the contrary, the $20,500 which was to be raised by Poliak for Chambers, with Chambers’ said notes and collaterals, was paid by Moses Bros, to Poliak for Chambers, on or before February 13, 1888, with the understanding and agreement between Poliak and Moses Bros, that they, Moses Bros, should by reason of such payment become entitled to the collaterals deposited by Chambers with Poliak, and that the latter would forthwith deliver the same to Moses Bros., to be held by them to secure the repayment by Chambers to them of the sum so advanced and paid to Poliak for Chambers. This payment by Moses’Bros, to Poliak for Chambers was made without the request or knowledge of the latter, as was also the agreement for the delivery of the collaterals by Poliak to Moses Bros. Upon subsequent information of such advance or payment for him, however, Chambers ratified and comfirmed the same, and admitted the right of Moses Bros, to the collaterals as asserted by them. The collaterals were not delivered by Poliak to Moses Bros, at the time of said payment, and have never been so delivered, but are still in the hands of Poliak, who now asserts a right to retain them as security for an indebtedness of Chambers to him, and refuses to surrender them according to said agreement. Chambers has never paid Moses Bros, the money thus advanced, and their claim therefor, as also their rights and remedies in the premises against Poliak, growing out of his failure to deliver the collaterals to them, have passed to and are now vested in the present complainants, Janney & Cheney, through a general assignment by Moses Bros, for the benefit of creditors. Upon the foregoing facts this bill is filed. It contains a description of the Chambers collaterals, and an averment — 566 — that “by said payments to said Poliak for the said Chambers, and by virtue oí said agreement and understanding of said Moses Bros, with said Poliak, [with reference to the delivery of the collaterals by Poliak to Moses Bros.], a trust was fastened upon said collaterals in favor of the said Moses Bros., and that the said Poliak thereafter held the said col-laterals as trustee for the said Moses Bros.” And the prayer of the bill, so far as need be stated here, is, that Poliak be ordered to assign and surrender the collaterals, which consisted of shares in several incorporated companies, to the complainants; that said companies, which are made defendants, be ordered to transfer said stock on their books to the complainants, and that said collaterals be sold and the proceeds of the same be applied to the debts of said Chambers to Moses Bros, and the complainants as assignees &c., <fcc. There is reference in the bill and prayer to the right claimed by Poliak to retain the collaterals- and apply them to some indebtedness of Chambers to him; and the prayer for a sale of the securities, &c., appears to be based on the alternative condition that the court shall find Poliak’s claim to be well founded as between him and Chambers, and is that, in that event, the proceeds of sale, beyond what is necessary to pay the debt of Moses Bros., shall be applied to Poliak’s debt against Chambers. There is also a prayer for such other, further and general relief as the facts of the case may require. Demurrers were interposed by Poliak, and he also entered a motion to 'dismiss the bill for the want of equity. The demurrers and motion were overruled and denied; and from the decree to that effect this appeal is prosecuted. All the questions now presented properly arise on the motion to dismiss the bill, and the assignments of demurrer need not be specially considered. The contentions of appellant are, that on the facts alleged no trust relation existed between Poliak and Moses Bros., with respect to this property, whereby a trust was fastened upon the collaterals in favor of the latter; that the subject-matter of the alleged agreement between Moses Bros, and Poliak being personalty, and not held in trust by Poliak for Moses Bros., specific performance of that agreement to deliver the collaterals can not be decreed; and that, Poliak being solvent, the complainants have a plain, adequate and complete remedy at law for the redress of Poliak’s wrong in withholding said col-laterals. It is not contended, and can not b.e successfully, that Moses Bros, acquired any title or equity to or in Chambers’ — 567 — collaterals, under the contract of January 3, 1888, or by reason of what was done by Poliak in the execution of that contract. The duties and obligations of Poliak, under that instrument, were several in respect to Moses Bros, and Chambers. He took upon himself to raise, if practicable, $20,500 for Chambers and on Chambers’ notes and collaterals, as a matter wholly apart from a like undertaking to raise $61,500 for Moses Bros, on their notes and collaterals. He was not to use the notes and securities of either of these parties to provide a fund for the payment of the others’ share of the $82,000 indebtedness. He undertook absolutely to raise $50,000 for this purpose, and in the event only that sum was raised he was to return to Moses Bros, and Chambers respectively their notes and collaterals in the proportion that $32,003 the amount thereof not used by him bore to $82,000 the aggregate of the two sums he agreed to provide if practicable ; but it is manifest from the terms of the instrument, and from the conduct of the parties evidencing a construction in fact of it, that this proportionate return of notes and collaterals to Moses Bros, and Chambers respectively, was contemplated and to be based on the raising of the $50,000 in part by the use of the papers of Moses Bros., and in other part by the use of Chambers’ notes and collaterals, and that in the event the paper of either one of the parties could not be so used in whole, or to any less extent, in providing whatever sum should be raised less than $82,000, tq> that extent there was a failure to provide funds for that party. In other words, if by using a part of the papers of each only $50,000, or any other sum less than the whole, was provided, each of the parties was to be entitled to that part of the fund borrowed on his or their securities, and if such part was raised solely on the notes of one of the parties, it belonged wholly to that party, because he alone was under obligation to repay it, and all his notes and securities, having been used and negotiated to evidence and secure his obligation, could not be returned to him in any amount. All of Moses Bros.’ papers were thus negotiated, and none of Chambers’; their full share of the indebtedness was raised and applied, but nothing was raised for Chambers. It was impossible for Poliak, and he was under no obligation, to return any part of Moses Bros, papers to them. He had used all of them according to the terms of the contract, met his obligation to raise $50,000 and apply it to the debt of $82,000, and was fully discharged from all duty and obligation to Moses Bros. Whatever rights Moses Bros, have therefore against Poliak, must arise entirely through Chambers, and the case — 568 — is to be considered as if Moses Bros, had not been parties to the contract of January 3, 1888, at all, since that contract was several, and has been fully executed as concerns them. Taking hold of the transaction at this point, we have the following case: Poliak had notes of Chambers, secured by collaterals transferred and delivered to him, for the aggregate sum of $20,500. These notes had been executed payable to Poliak’s order, to enable him through a negotiation and endorsement of them, and a transfer of the collaterals, to raise the sum stated and apply it to a certain indebtedness of Chambers, if it was practicable for the fund to be thus realized. It was found to be impracticable, the notes were never indorsed or negotiated, and they are still in Poliak’s hands. Moved by considerations which are indicated in the present bill and exhibits, but upon which no stress need now be laid, Moses Bros, volunteered to advance for Chambers to Poliak the amount of Chambers’ said indebtedness, to be applied in satisfaction by Poliak. This was not done at Chambers’ request, or with his knowledge or assent. Neither was the advance made on consideration of an indorsement and transfer of Chambers’ notes to Moses Bros. The notes were not, as we have seen, indorsed to Moses Bros, at all, and the bill negatives any contemplation that they should be. It was agreed, however, in consideration of this voluntary payment by Moses Bros, of Chambers’ debt, that Poliak should transfer, assign and deliver Chambers’ collaterals to Moses Bros.; but this agreement was between Moses Bros, and Poliak only, as has been said, not requested or assented to by Chambers, nor in consonance with any previous agreement between him and Poliak. Had Chambers’ notes been efficaciously indorsed by Poliak to Moses Bros., the collaterals would have gone with them; but, under the influence of section 1784 of the Code, a transfer and delivery of the collaterals by Poliak to Moses Bros, unaccompanied by a transfer of the debt evidenced by Chambers’ notes, would have been a discharge of the hypothecation, having the effect of restoring the right and title of Chambers. We do not think, however, that such a transfer of the collaterals would have been utterly void, certainly not in the sense of being incapable of efficient ratification by Chambers. To the contrary, we construe the statute to arm the person from whom the collaterals originally come, in such cases, with an election to affirm or disaffirm such a transfer. If he repudiates it, he, of' course, has the right to recover the securities, the transfer having revested the title in him. But he equally has the right to confirm — 569 — this merely voidable transaction, and thereby invest title to the securities in the transferree, as efficiently for all purposes as had he authorized it in the first instance, or the transfer had been made along with the assignment of the debt the collaterals were intended to secure. Suppose, for example, that the alleged agreement of Poliak had been executed, and the collaterals had been transferred and delivered to Moses Bros, thereunder, and, further, that upon coming to a knowledge of the transaction, Chambers had ratified and confirmed it, and admitted Moses Bros.’ right to the papers; could it be pretended that he could after-wards proceed either against Poliak for a breach of duty, or against Moses Bros, for the securities? We think not. The Code provision is intended purely for his benefit. He alone could, before the statute, have been prejudiced by the separation of his collaterals from his debt and the transfer of the former without the latter. Clearly he could in limine authorize this to be done. Clearly, also, after it has been done, he may waive the provision, and render the transaction entirely efficacious by a ratification of it. So, too, with respect to the agreement by Poliak to transfer the securities to Moses Bros. There was nothing in the relations presently existing between Poliak and Chambers out of which could be evolved authority on Poliak’s part to enter into such arrangement. Yet, holding the collaterals for Chambers, the latter, of course, could have given such authority to Poliak, and had he instructed Poliak to agree to turn over the collaterals, without the notes, to Moses Bros., on the payment by them to Poliak of Chambers’ indebtedness, it can not be doubted that whatever right Chambers had in the premises against Poliak would in equity have passed thereby into Moses Bros. Finding that Poliak, assuming to act for him, but without authorization to do the particular thing, had agreed to transfer and deliver the collaterals to Moses Bros., we conceive no reason why Chambers could not sanction, ratify and confirm this agreement of Poliak, and thereby adopt it and make it his own, to be effectuated through the holder of his collaterals. And we accordingly hold that, on the averments of the bill, whatever rights Chambers had against Poliak passed by the latter’s agreement and the former’s ratification thereof into Moses Bros. And the sole question remaining on this part of the case is as to the character of the rights existing between Poliak and Chambers in relation to these securities, after the payment by Moses Bros, to Poliak of Chambers’ share of the $82,000 indebtedness. Under the construction we have — 570 — placed on the contract of January 3, 1888, Poliak took both the possession and title of and in these collaterals upon alternate and successive obligations. Primarily, he was to hypothecate the collaterals to secure a loan of $20,500 evidenced by Chambers’ notes aggregating that sum, to be endorsed to the lender, if it were found practicable to make the negotiation. Secondarily, the negotiation being found to be impracticable, and Poliak having failed to raise the loan, the alternate obligation became operative upon him, and it then became his duty to retransfer and redeliver the securities to Chambers. It was upon the faith and confidence that Poliak would do one of these things, if practicable, and the other, if the first could not be accomplished, that Chambers assigned and delivered the collaterals to him. These considerations, which the engagements of the parties fully sustain, bring the case, as between Poliak and Chambers, clearly within- the definition of a trust, which is “an obligation upon a person arising out of a confidence reposed in him to apply property [legally vested in him] faithfully and according to such confidence.;” or, as defined in other language, “a trust .is in the nature of a deposition by which a proprietor transfers to another the property of the subject intrusted, not that it should remain with him, but that it should be applied to certain uses for the behoof of a third party;” or, we may add, for the behoof of the proprietor himself.—1 Perry on Trusts, § 2. One point of distinct differentiation between such a case and such other fiduciary relations as exist between principal and agent, bailor and bailee, and the like, lies in the fact that the legal title passes to and is invested in the trustee, and does not pass to the agent or bailee, and the confidence reposed in the former can therefore only be enforced in equity, while the duties incident to the latter relation, such as the surrender or redelivery of property held by an agent or bailee, can be enforced at law. Here, then, was the legal title and possession in Poliak upon trusts, and the equitable right in Chambers to have the trusts executed. The title and possession in Poliak only for the purpose of hypothecating the collaterals if he could, and if he could not, then fot the purpose of revesting that title and redelivering that possession to Chambers. He failed of the first purpose. He thereupon was under an obligation, enforceable in equity, to carry out the second. Chambers manifestly, in our opinion, had a standing in equity after the first purpose had failed, to have a trust declared in his favor on these collaterals, and its execution enforced through a decree for transfer and delivery — 571 — by Poliak to him. And this equitable right passed on the facts alleged into Moses Bros., and, through them, into the complainants. The bill is, therefore, not merely one to en'force specific performance of a contract to transfer and deliver personalty, which chancery will not decree in the absence of special circumstances demonstrating the inadequacy of legal remedies, but there is superadded to the mere contract an element of confidence and faith reposed in • the holder and leading to the investiture of the legal title in him,- and which constitutes him a trustee whom equity will compel to pass that title according to the faith and confidence under which he received it, whether the subject-matter be personalty or realty. The bill to this end had equity, and the Chancery Court did not err in overruling the demurrers of the respondent, Poliak, and denying his motion to dismiss. Affirmed.