Kolsky v. Enslen

BRICKELL, C. J. The assignments of error are directed solely to the revision of rulings of the court below, overruling demurrers to pleas, and sustaining demurrers to replications ; and it is convenient to consider these rulings in the order in which they have been argued by counsel. 1. The action is founded on a contract or agreement in writing, and the first plea to which our attention is drawn, is brief. Omitting the commencement, it merely alleges ‘ ‘that said agreement is without consideration.’ ’ The Code (§ 2769) declares that every written coptract, the foundation of suit, imports a sufficient consideration, which may be inipeached by plea, “and, when so [100] impeached, the burden of proof is on the defendant.” A plea not distinguishable from this plea, in form and substance, was held good in Giles v. Williams, 3 Ala. 316, an action on a sealed instrument, the consideration of which may be impeached by plea. — Code, § 2667. And it was said this form of pleading resulted from the statute; if there was an absence of consideration to support the contract, there were no special circumstances to aver; the plea was of necessity negative, for it was not possible to state that affirmatively which had no existence. It is not, as is suggested by counsel, a conclusion, but a fact, which the plea avers as the matter of defense; a fact of which the defendant must make proof. The test of the sufficiency of a plea in abatement, or in bar of a suit, is, whether the facts are so stated that a material issue may be taken thereon ; if the facts are so stated, however informal the plea may be, it is not subject to objection. — Code, § 2674. The general replication would have put in issue the truth of the plea, compelling the defendant to disproof of a valuable consideration, which the writing imports; or, if there was a valuable consideration, its existence was matter which could have been averred in a special replication, on which the defendant must have taken issue. A material issue could have been formed on the plea, and of consequence it was not subject to demurrer. The cases of Phoenix Ins. Co. v. Moog, 78 Ala. 284 ; Carmelich v. Mims, 88 Ala. 335; Darby v. Berney National Bank, 97 Ala. 643; McAfee v. Glen Mary Coal & Coke Co., Ib. 709, to which we are referred, are not opposed to this conclusion. The pleas in these cases were apparently intended, and were so deemed by the court, as “pleas in short by consent,” the consent not having been obtained. No one of them contained an averment of the issuable fact found in the present plea ; a want of consideration for the contract on which the suit was founded. 2. The third and fourth pleas, the remaining pleas, the demurrers to which were overruled, may properly be considered in connection. Substantially, these pleas aver as matter of defense, that before the expiration of two years from the making of the agreement, the plaintiff had voluntarily surrendered to the company issuing them, the ten shares of corporate stock, the subject matter of the agreement; the company in consideration [101] of the surrender, issuing to him seventy, or seventy-five shares of new stock, one-third of which he left with the company, as treasury stock. There were numerous causes of demurrer assigned to. these pleas, but they are readily reducible to the inquiry, whether the facts stated are sufficient to bar the right of recovery. The agreement is not of difficult construction, and the relative rights and duties of the parties are of easy ascertainment and solution. The facts recited in the agreement are, that on the day it was made, the plaintiff purchased ten shares of the “ground floor stock,” as it is termed, of the East Tennessee & -North Alabama Coal and Iron Company, paying therefor eight hundred dollars. It is not perhaps, a strained inference, that the promissors were the vendors of the stock ; .or if not, had induced the purchase. However this may be, they promise, on the expiration of two years, to pay the plaintiff the principal sum invested in the purchase, on his surrender to them of his “shares or interest in the company.” These general words, “shares or interest in the company,” must be referred to the ten shares of stock that day purchased; for it is manifest, this is the only purchase or transaction which was in the contemplation of the parties. They are incapable of extension so as to embrace any other purchase, or any other transaction, or any larger number of shares, or greater interest, than these shares represented. The promise of guaranty or indemnity extends only to loss resulting from this purchase or investment, and not to loss resulting -from any other transaction, t The agreement placed the parties in a relation not dissimilar to that of vendor and vendee, on a bargain of “sale or return,” the buyer having the option to retui’n the goods within a designated period, or a reasonable time ; and their rights and duties correspond to the rights and duties of vendor and vendee, on such bargain. The title to the goods passes to the vendee— he becomes the absolute owner; and the element of option the bargain involves, is his option, not that of the vendor. If he should, before the expiration of the time appointed for the return, make an absolute sale of the goods, or otherwise incapacitate himself to make the return , the option would be exercised; he would choose not to return. This agreement has in it a like element of option, and it is the option of the plaintiff only. He [102] was the absolute owner of the stock, and in the exercise of his option to surrender it, the promisors could not quicken him; nor could they interfere, or complain of any disposition he made, or proposed to make of it. Nor could they, on the expiration of the two years, or at any time prior, on the tender or payment of the eight hundred dollars invested in the purchase of the stock, demand its surrender. The whole purpose, scope and object of the agreement is to give the plaintiff, the option, the privilege, on the expiration of two years, to surrender — to transfer to the promisors — title to and possession of the ten shares of stock; in that event, imposing on them, the duty of refunding the principal sum invested in its purchase. The promise is conditional; it is dependent upon the surrender of the stock; without the surrender, there can not be performance of the condition, which will satisfy the spirit and meaning of the agreement, and the intention of the parties as therein expressed. — Lester v. Jewett, (1 Kernon), 11 N. Y. 453 ; Wooster v. Sage, 67 N. Y. 67; Pope v. Manufacturing Co., 87 N. Y. 137 ; Taylor v. Blair, 13 N. Y. Supp. 154. The term c:ground floor stock,” it may be, in common parlance, is used to distinguish a particular class of stock. If illegality be not presumed, a presumption the law never indulges, as employed in the agreement, the term can not be accepted as referring to any other stock, than stock of legal validity; stock legally issued by the company for money, or for labor done, or for property, the company had capacity to acquire and hold, taken at its reasonable value. There is no other corporate stock which is recognized as of legal validity.— Williams v. Searcy, 94 Ala. 360 ; Parsons v. Joseph, 92 Ala. 403 ; Elyton Land Co.v. Birmingham Warehouse &c. Co., Ib. 407. This is the character of the stock ip which the plaintiff invested, whether it was the common stock of the company, or preferred stock, if the company had authority to issue stock of that class ; and it is this stock he must surrender, before the duty of the promisors arises. The transactions averred in the pleas, we are considering, are irreconcilable with any purpose or intent on the part of the plaintiff to exercise the option or privilege of surrendering the stock — they are reconcilable only with an election not to make the surrender. An absolute sale of the stock, or its conversion into any other species of [103] property, -would not have been a more complete manifestation of an election not to make the surrender. The identity and legal existence of the original stock were merged in the new issue, and in effect the original stock cancelled, or subjected to cancellation at the pleasure of the company. Without inquiring what differences may exist between the liability of the holder of the original stock, and a holder of the new stock, the plaintiff has exercised the option or privilege the agreement gave him, incapacitating himself to perform the condition on which the duty of the promisors depended. We do not propose to consider whether these transactions, were, as is now insisted by counsel, .infected .with illegality ; they were not void; voidable only, in any event, at the instance of innocent parties having rights or interests injured by them. All standing in the relation of the plaintiff, all participating in them, are bound by them, and estopped to deny their validity. — 1 Cook on Stocks and Stockholders, 339 ; Parsons v. Joseph, 92 Ala. 403. There was no error in overruling the demurrers to these pleas. 3. The several replications, to which demurrers were sustained, aver that the appellee, the promisor now sued, at the time of .the transactions, set out in the third and fourth pleas, was an officer and a director of the company, having knowledge of the transactions, and active in their consummation. This works no change in the character and effect of the transactions, and can not relieve the plaintiff from the consequences of them. The conversion of the stock was the voluntary act of the plaintiff to which the assent and agency of the company were necessary. The assent could be given by the company only by and through its officers and agents ; and when given, was ineffective without the concurring action of the plaintiff; and it is this concurring action, which was the manifestation of his election, not to surrender the stock, and incapacitated him from making the surrender. Affirmed.